How long did real cowboys live? One answer may be found in the book The Last Cowboys by Connie Brooks (University of New Mexico Press). This delightful book presents a thoughtful sociological study of cowboys in West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico around the year 1890. A sample of 32 cowboys gave the following years of longevity: 58 52 68 86 72 66 97 89 84 91 91 92 66 68 87 86 73 61 70 75 72 73 85 84 90 57 77 76 84 93 58 47 (a) Make a stem-and-leaf display for these data. (Use the tens digit as the stem and the ones digit as the leaf. Enter numbers from smallest to largest separated by spaces. Enter NONE for stems with no values.) Longevity of Cowboys 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 2788 16688 02233567 44456679 011237 (b) Consider the following quote from Baron von Richthofen in his Cattle Raising on the Plains of North America: "Cowboys are to be found among the sons of the best families. The truth is probably that most were not a drunken, gambling lot, quick to draw and fire their pistols." Does the data distribution of longevity lend credence to this quote? No, these cowboys did not live long lives, as evidenced by the high frequency of leaves for stems 4 and 5 (i.e., 40- and 50-year-olds). Sort of, these cowboys lived somewhat long lives, as evidenced by the high frequency of leaves for stems 5 and 6 (i.e., 50- and 60-year-olds). Yes, these cowboys certainly lived long lives, as evidenced by the high frequency of leaves for stems 7, 8, and 9 (i.e., 70-, 80-, and 90-year-olds). 6.–/2.85 points BBUnderStat12 2.1.017. Ask Your Teacher My Notes Question Part Points Certain kinds of tumors tend to recur. The following data represent the lengths of time, in months, for a tumor to recur after chemotherapy (Reference: D.P. Byar, Journal of Urology, Vol. 10, pp. 556-561). 19 18 17 1 21 22 54 46 25 49 50 1 59 39 43 39 5 9 38 18 14 45 54 59 46 50 29 12 19 36 38 40 43 41 10 50 41 25 19 39 27 20 For this problem, use five classes. (a) Find the class width. 12 (b) Make a frequency table showing class limits, class boundaries, midpoints, frequencies, relative frequencies, and cumulative frequencies. (Give relative frequencies to 2 decimal places.) Class Limits Class Boundaries Midpoint Frequency Relative Frequency Cumulative Frequency 1 − 12 13 − 24 25 − 36 37 − 48 49 − 60 0.5 − 12.5 12.5 − 24.5 24.5 − 36.5 36.5 − 48.5 48.5 − 60.5 6.5 18.5 30.5 42.5 54.5 6 10 5 13 8 0.14 0.24 0.12 0.31 0.19 6 10 21 34 42 (c) Draw a histogram. Maple Generated Plot Maple Generated Plot Maple Generated Plot Maple Generated Plot (d) Draw a relative-frequency histogram. Maple Generated Plot Maple Generated Plot Maple Generated Plot Maple Generated Plot (e) Categorize the basic distribution shape. uniform mound-shaped symmetrical bimodal skewed left skewed right

Write a program that uses a structure to store the following data:

(Remember to use proper formatting and code documentation)

The program should ask the user how many students there are and should then dynamically allocate an array of structures.

The Student struct includes a fixed size scores array to store a list of four test scores for a group of students .

After the array of struct has been dynamically allocated, the program should ask for the name, ID number and four test scores for each student. The average test score should be calculated and stored in the average member of each structure.

The course grade should be computed on the basis of the following grading scale:

The course grade should then be stored in the Grade member of each structure.

Once all this data is calculated, a table should be displayed on the screen listing each student's name, ID number, average test score, and course grade.

Input Validation: Be sure all the data for each student is entered. Do not accept negative numbers for any test score.

Simple Screen Output

How many students? 3

Student name: Sandy Shell
ID Number: 12345
        Test # 1: 100
        Test # 2: 56
        Test # 3: 78
        Test # 4: 66
Student name: Timothy Moriarty
ID Number: 23456
        Test # 1: 90
        Test # 2: 78
        Test # 3: 45
        Test # 4: 56
Student name: Joice Smith
ID Number: 54321
        Test # 1: 100
        Test # 2: 98
        Test # 3: 67
        Test # 4: 75

===========================
Course Grade Report
===========================
Student name: Sandy Shell
ID number: 12345
Average test score: 75.0
Grade: C

Student name: Timothy Moriarty
ID number: 23456
Average test score: 67.2
Grade: D

Student name: Joice Smith
ID number: 54321
Average test score: 85.0
Grade: B


Process returned 0 (0x0)   execution time : 94.219 s
Press any key to continue.

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Please make sure to declare the global constant and your struct above any function prototypes and include appropriate function documentation as needed.

Here is a sample of function prototypes that you may consider implementing...

// Function prototypes
Student *initArrays(int); 
void getInfo(Student [], int);
void showInfo(Student [], int);

You may use pointers or constant reference parameters when passing the structure to the functions mentioned above.

*EXTRA CREDIT COMPONENT FOR ASSIGNMENT#7 (5 points) - Select only one and insert as a multiline comment in your source code submitted.

1. How would you modify the program that you wrote for Programming Challenge 7a (monthly budget) so it defines an enumerated data type with enumerators for the months (JANUARY, FEBRUARY, so on). Provide a code snippet on how the program may use the enumerated type to step through each months expense and budget comparison for a full year.

or

2. How would you modify the program that you wrote for Programming Challenge 7b (course grades) so it defines struct member scores as a pointer to an array of test scores. What additional program statements will be needed so that each structure's score member should point to a dynamically allocated array that will hold the test scores.

Interpret or write a review about the article below using your own words. It is for presentation, the script should be for a 10-minute speech.

195,000 jobs vanish: Pandemic starts to suffocate job market

The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the domestic job market has come to the fore.
Data from Statistics Korea showed Friday that the number of employed people stood at 26.6
million in March, down 195,000 from the same month a year earlier
This was the first year-on-year decline since January 2010 and the sharpest decrease since May
2009, when the world was suffering difficulties from the Global Financial Crisis.
The number of temporary layoffs ― categorized as employed in the statistics ― hit a record-high
of 1.6 million in March, up 1.26 million from a year earlier, as domestic air carriers, travel
agencies and duty-free shops have imposed out massive unpaid leave during the pandemic.
Although temporarily laid-off workers tend to return to their workplaces, they could become
unemployed or economically inactive if the situation worsens.
The statistics agency said the number of economically inactive people reached 16.9 million in
March, a 516,000 year-on-year increase.
Among them, the number of people who gave up on getting jobs was 582,000, up 44,000.
The number of those who had no plan to look for jobs ― regarded as de facto jobless ― also
reached a record-high of 2.36 million, a 366,000 increase from the previous year.
According to the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the decline in the number of employed
people was especially significant in the services industry which lost 294,000 jobs ― the steepest
since September 1998, when Korea was hit by the Asian Financial Crisis.
"Affected by the falling number of foreign tourists and social distancing, the number of people
employed in lodgings, restaurants, and wholesale and retail businesses dropped sharply," the
finance ministry said in a press release.
"The delayed school opening and cram school shutdowns sharpened the decrease in the number
of employees in the educational services sector."
The number of those employed in the manufacturing industry also dropped after a temporary
increase in January and February.
The construction sector has continued a downward trend because of falling housing demand.
By status, the numbers of temporary and daily workers diminished by 420,000 and 173,000,
respectively.
The number of self-employed who hired staff declined by 195,000, while the number of those
who did not hire staff jumped by 124,000.
Although the number of the unemployed dropped 17,000 year-on-year to 1.18 million in March,
the finance ministry attributed this to the slow labor supply caused by the postponement of
recruitment amid growing concerns over the pandemic.

Considering the increasing corporate bankruptcies here and the global labor market collapse, the
job crisis is expected to worsen.
Supreme Court data submitted to Rep. Chae Yi-bai of the minor opposition Party for People's
Livelihoods showed 101 corporations nationwide applied for bankruptcy in March, up 53 percent
from a year earlier.
Meanwhile, in the United States, 22 million people have filed jobless claims over the past four
weeks, according to the country's Department of Labor.
Against this backdrop, economic experts called for additional government measures to cushion
the coronavirus impact on the job market.
"If the government refuses to give enough financial support to liquidity-crunched businesses,
temporarily laid-off workers will eventually lose their jobs permanently, having a negative impact
on the entire economy," Yonsei University economics professor Sung Tae-Yoon said.
In response, Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Hong Nam-ki said the government will
announce measures to stabilize the job market early next week.

2. Begin by defining the data type Point that has two coordinate members x and y. Specifically, Point will be implemented as a structure; define operators as needed to satisfy problem requirements.

b, prompt the user to input several (x,y) pairs. As the data is entered, store it in a vector of Points called orginal_points. Input is terminated with the EOF character (differs by OS type). To be clear, I am asking you to define an input stream operator to read the point format: (x,y). As an example, the input of (5,6) is the correct input format for a point. While the I/O format includes the ‘(‘, ‘,’, and ‘)’ characters, the internal storage contains only the x and y values. Please Note -- I am expecting a robust, user-friendly way to ensure Points are entered correctly and in a valid format. A simple termination of the program is not acceptable here -- If I’ve entered a number of valid points, don’t discard them -- recover from the error so that input can continue (if possible) and if input cannot continue, ensure that the program proceeds to save the points I have entered. Also important -- this input stream operator needs to work with standard input (cin) and formatted (text) file input streams.

3. Print the data in original_points to the screen so we can see what it looks like. Create an output stream operator for this that works with both cout and output file streams.

4. Open an ofstream and write each Point to a file named mydata.txt, using the operator you created in #3 above. Be sure to include the Points in the correct format, one Point per line. Explicitly close the file. Next, inspect the file. It should have the same contents as what you printed on the screen. Does it?

5. Open the file and, using the same input logic that you created in b, read in the Point data and print the results to the screen. (This is to demonstrate that your input operator is flexible to be used with multiple stream types. Since the data in the file should conform perfectly to the required format, your input checking should run smoothly here…) it's c++ language and Input error handling -- Points data structure

   #include <iostream>
   #include <fstream>
   #include <vector>
   using namespace std;
   
   struct Point{
       int x, y;
       bool operator==(const Point& p2) {
           return this->x == p2.x and this->y == p2.y;
       }
       bool operator!=(const Point& p2) {
           return this->x != p2.x or this->y != p2.y;
       }
       friend ostream &operator<<( ostream &out, const Point &P ) { 
            out << "(" << P.x << ", " << P.y << ")";
            return out;
       }
   
       friend istream &operator>>( istream  &in, Point &P ) { 
           char d1, d2, d3;
           // input format: (1, 2)
           in >> d1 >> P.x >> d2 >> P.y >> d3;
           return in;
       }
   };
   
   int main()
   {
       vector<Point> original_points;
       cout << "Enter points :\n";
       Point P;
       while( cin >> P )
       {
           original_points.push_back(P);
       }
   
       ofstream out("mydata.txt");
       cout << "You entered the points:\n";
       for(Point p: original_points)
       {
           cout << p << '\n';
           out << p << '\n';
       }
       out.close();
       //pause
       cin.get();
       char ch;
       cout << "Press enter to continue: ";
       getchar();
   
       ifstream in("mydata.txt");
       vector<Point> processed_points;
       while( in >> P )
       {
           processed_points.push_back(P);
       }
       int n = original_points.size();
       for(int i=0; i<n; i++)
       {
           if(original_points[i] == processed_points[i])
           {
               cout << "Points at index " << i << " are same\n" 
                    << original_points[i] << " "
                    << processed_points[i] << '\n';
           }
           if(original_points[i] != processed_points[i])
           {
               cout << "Points at index " << i << " are not same\n"
                    << original_points[i] << " "
                    << processed_points[i] << '\n';
           }
       }
   } depend on this code write error handling code

Computing Assignment 1
You must upload both your code (to Assignment 1 scripts/codes) and your report (to Assignment
1 computing report). The assignment is due at 11:00pm. I have set the due time in Canvas to
11:05pm and if Canvas indicates that you submitted late, you will be given 0 on the assignment.
Your computing report must be exactly 1 page. There will be a penalty given if your report is
longer than one page.
• Please read the Guidelines for Assignments first.
• Keep in mind that Canvas discussions are open forums.
• Acknowledge any collaborations and assistance from colleagues/TAs/instructor.
Computing Assignment { Floating Point Arithmetic
Required submission: 1 page PDF document and Matlab scripts uploaded to Canvas.
1. Part 1 - warmup
Use Matlab and issue the following two commands on the command line: sin(0); sin(π). State
your answer and explain the answer you see. This should be done in one or two sentences at
the beginning of your report.
2. Part 2
Let 8 ≤ x ≤ 10 be an arbitrary number and n a nonnegative integer. In exact arithmetic, the
following computation leaves x unchanged:
1 for i=1:n

2 x=5 log(x);

3 end

4

5 for i=1:n

6 x=exp(x/5.0);

7 end

However, in finite-precision arithmetic the results may be dramatically different for large n.
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate the output of this computation in Matlab for
various values of n and for x in the range 8 ≤ x ≤ 10.
Your conclusions should be explained in a one-page report. Your report must include the
following:
(a) Representative plots of the output as a function of x, with each plot corresponding to a
different value of n.
(b) A discussion of the smallest value of n after which the result of the finite-precision
computation begins to differ from exact arithmetic computation.
1
(c) A discussion of the limiting behaviour for large n.
(d) A brief explanation as to why computing in floating point arithmetic leads to the results
you have found.
Partial code for this assignment can be found in the file FloatPt.m on Canvas. I suggest
using this as your starting point. If you have questions about Matlab or other aspects of
the assignment or course, then I strongly encourage you to attend the tutorials and drop-in
workshops.

----------------Codes given----------------------

% MACM 316 - Homework 1
% Floating Point Arithmetic with logarithm function
% Description: Performs n-fold logarithm followed by n-fold exponentiation
% File name: FloatPt_log.m

clear
%format long; %this changes the number of decimal digits that DISPLAY
n=30;
st=0.001; % Define a stepsize
x=8:st:10; % x is a row vector of numbers between 1.3 and 2.3 of increments st
y=x;

for i=1:n
    y=5*log(y);
end
%y(1) %this is how you print the 1st element of y to the screen
%y(11)
%y(101)
%y(1001)
%pause %this stops your program until you press a key
for i=1:n
    y=exp(y/5.0); 
end
%y(1)
%y(11)
%y(101)
%y(1001)
% Plot the output y versus the input x
plot(x,y) %you can change the title and axis labels in this manner
title(['Output of the Computation with n = ' num2str(n)],'fontsize',14)
xlabel(['Input x'],'fontsize',12)
ylabel(['Output y'],'fontsize',12)

Patient Portal

Kaiser Permanente is an integrated health delivery system that serves more than eight million members in nine states and the District of Columbia. In the late 1990s, Kaiser Permanente introduced an Internet patient portal, Kaiser Permanente Online (also known as KP Online). Members can use KP Online to request appointments, request prescription refills, obtain health care service information, seek clinical advice, and participate in patient forums.

Information Systems Challenge

In August, there was a serious breach in the security of the KP Online pharmacy refill application. Programmers wrote a flawed script that actually concatenated over eight hundred individual e-mail messages containing individually identifiable patient information, instead of separating them as intended. As a result, nineteen members received e-mail messages with private information about multiple other members. Kaiser became aware of the problem when two members notified the organization that they had received the concatenated e-mail messages. Kaiser leadership considered this incident a significant breach of confidentiality and security. The organization immediately took steps to investigate and to offer apologies to those affected.

On the same day the first member notified Kaiser about receiving the problem e-mail, a crisis team was formed. The crisis team began a root cause analysis and a mitigation assessment process. Three days later Kaiser began notifying its members and issued a press release.

The investigation of the cause of the breach uncovered issues at the technical, individual, group, and organizational levels. At the technical level, Kaiser was using new web-based tools, applications, and processes. The pharmacy module had been evaluated in a test environment that was not equivalent to the production environment. At the individual level, two programmers, one from the e-mail group and one from the development group, working together for the first time in a new environment and working under intense pressure to quickly fix a serious problem, failed to adequately test code they produced as a patch for the pharmacy application. Three groups within Kaiser had responsibilities for KP Online: operations, e-mail, and development. Traditionally these groups worked independently and had distinct missions and organizational cultures. The breach revealed the differences in the way groups approached priorities. For example, the development group often let meeting deadlines dictate priorities. At the organizational level, Kaiser IT had a very complex organizational structure, leading to what Collmann and Cooper (2007, p. 239) call “compartmentalized sensemaking.” Each IT group “developed highly localized definitions of a situation, which created the possibility for failure when integrated into a common infrastructure.”

Discussion Prompt Answer the following questions in 2-4 sentences

1. How serious was this e-mail security breach? Why did the Kaiser Permanente leadership react so quickly to mitigate the possible damage done by the breach?
2. Assume that you were appointed as the administrative member of the crisis team created the day the breach was uncovered. After the initial apologies, what recommendations would you make for investigating the root cause(s) of the breach? Outline your suggested investigative steps.
3. How likely do you think future security breaches would be if Kaiser Permanente did not take steps to resolve the underlying group and organizational issues? Why?
4. What role should the administrative leadership of Kaiser Permanente take in ensuring that KP Online is secure? Apart from security and HIPAA training for all personnel, what steps can be taken at the organizational level to improve the security of KP Online?

QUESTION 1

1. When the direct write-off method of recognizing bad debt expense used, which of the following accounts would NOT be used?

   		Bad Debt Expense
   		Accounts Receivable
   		Allowance for Bad Debts
   		All of the above are used in the direct write-off method

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. When the allowance method of recognizing bad debt expense is used, the entries at the time of collection a a small account previously off would:

   		Increase net income
   		Increase Allowance for Bad Debts
   		Decrease net income
   		Decrease Allowance for Bad Debts

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Deuce Company uses the allowance method to estimate the losses form uncollectible receivables. Net sales for the year are $120,000 and the company estimates its bad debts as 1 percent of net sales. If there is already a $1,200 debit balance in Allowance for Bad Debts, how should be recorded as Bad Debt Expense?

   		$1,200
   		$2,400
   		$24,000
   		No entry is required

1 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Following are the account balances from the December 31 trial balance of Hark Company. If 10% of the Accounts Receivable is estimated to be uncollectible, the entry to record the estimate of bad debts would include a debit to Bad Debt Expense for:

   	DB
   Accounts Receivable	20,000
   Allowance fro Bad Debts	800
   Sales Revenue	135,000

   		$2,000
   		$2,080
   		$2,800
   		$1,200

1 points   

QUESTION 5

1. A promissory note dated Dec. 1, 2012 bearing interest at a rate of 8% and due in 60 days is sent ot a creditor. The face value of the note is $10,000. The entry for accrued interest at December 31, 2012 by the issuer of the note includes a:

   		Debit to interest expense of $67
   		A credit ot interest payable of $133
   		Credit to interest expense of $67
   		Debit to interest payable of $133

1 points   

QUESTION 6

1. The entry (or entries) requried to record a sales return by a customer when using the perpetual inventory method would consist of:

   		A debit to Sales Revenue and a credit to Accounts Receivable
   		A debit to Sales Returns and Allowances and a credit to Accounts Receivables
   		Debits to Sales Returns and Allowances and Inventory and credits to Accounts Receivable and Costs of Goods Sold
   		Debits to Sales Returns and Allowances and Cost of Goods Sold and credits to Accounts Receivable and Inventory

1 points   

QUESTION 7

1. Which of the following will result if the current year's ending inventory amount is understated in the cost of goods calculation:

   		Cost of goods sold will be overstated
   		Total assets will be overstated
   		Net income will be overstated
   		Both A and C

1 points   

QUESTION 8

1. Which of the following would be true if inventory costs were increasing?

   		LIFO would result in lower net income and lower ending inventory amounts than would FIFO
   		FIFO would result in lower net income and higher ending inventory amounts than would LIFO
   		LIFO would result in a lower net income amount but a higher ending inventory amount that would FIFO
   		None of the above

1 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Given the following sale and purchasing information, what is the ending iinventory, if the periodic FIFO costing alternative is used? The beginning inventory on hand was 100 units at $1 each.

   1st Purchase	700 units @ $2
   2nd Purchase	1,000 units @ $3
   3rd Purchase	500 units @ $4
   4th Purchase	500 units @ $5
   Total units purchased	2,700
   1st Sale	400 units @$7
   2nd Sale	750 units @$8
   3rd Sale	500 units @$9
   4th Sale	500 units @$10
   Total units sold	2,150

   		$400
   		$500
   		$1,250
   		$3,100

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. Using the following purchases and sales, what is the ending inventory if the periodic LIFO costing alternative is used? The beginning inventory iis 100 units on hand at $2 each.

   1st Purchase	500 units @$2
   2nd Purchase	1,000 units @ $3
   3rd Purchase	500 units @ $4
   4th Purchase	500 units @ $5
   Total units purchased	2,500
   1st Sale	600 units @$7
   2nd Sale	750 units @$8
   3rd Sale	500 units @$9
   4th Sale	500 units @$10
   Total units sold	2,350

   		$400
   		$500
   		$1,250
   		$3,100

1 points   

QUESTION 11

1. Using the following information, what is the average cost per unit available for sale during the year if the periodic inventory method is used (round to nearest cent)? The beginning inventory on had was 100 units at $1 each.

   1st Purchase	500 units @$2
   2nd Purchase	1,000 units @ $3
   3rd Purchase	500 units @ $4
   4th Purchase	500 units @ $5
   Total units purchased	2,500
   1st Sale	600 units @$7
   2nd Sale	750 units @$8
   3rd Sale	500 units @$9
   4th Sale	500 units @$10
   Total units sold	2,350

   		$2.61
   		$3.10
   		$3.53
   		$3.31

1 points   

QUESTION 12

1. A firm had a beginning inventory balance of $1,000, net purchases of $35,000 and sales of $40,000. Its gross margin percentage was 25%. Using the gross margin method, the ending inventory balance is:

   		$1,000
   		$7,000
   		$6,000
   		$10,000

1 points   

QUESTION 13

1. Which of the following is NOT usually depreciated, depleted or amortized?

   		Furniture
   		Land
   		Mineral deposits
   		Patents

1 points   

QUESTION 14

1. Depreciation can best be described as a method of

   		Allocating the costs of assets over their useful life
   		Accumulating funds for the replacement of assets
   		Reducing the carrying cost of assets to current market value
   		Deriving tax benefits

1 points   

QUESTION 15

1. The book value of an asset is the:

   		Original cost of the asset
   		Market value of the asset
   		Total of all expenses associated with the asset
   		Acquisition cost of the asset less any accumulated depreciation on the asset

1 points   

QUESTION 16

1. On January 1, 2012 Powers Press purchased equipment at a cost of $6,300. The equipment had an estimated useful life of three years or 15,000 hours. The equipment will have a $600 salvage value at the end of its life. The depreciation expense for the year ending December 31, 2012 using the straight-line method would be:

   		$1,900
   		$1,883
   		$475
   		$471

1 points   

QUESTION 17

1. On January 1, 2006, Powers press purchased equipment at cost of $6,300. The equipment had an estimated useful life of three years or 15,000 hours. The equipment will have a $600 salvage value at the end of its life. The equipment was used for 3,250 hours in 2012. The depreciation epense for the year ending December 31, 2012 using the units of production method would be:

   		$1,900
   		$1,235
   		$3,250
   		$1,365

1 points   

QUESTION 18

1. On January 1, 2011, Kinnear Company purchased equipment at a cost of $20,000. The equipment had useful life of 5 years and a salvage value of $2,000. Kinnear Company use the straight-line depreciation method for all its assets. Given this information, if the company sells the equipment for $13,600 on December 31, 2006, it will have a(n):

   		$2,000 loss
   		$2,000 gain
   		$800 loss
   		$800 gain

1 points   

QUESTION 19

1. The balance sheet category "intangible assets" includes:

   		Patents, trademarks and franchises
   		Equipment, land and buildings
   		Investments, receivables and customer lists
   		Goodwill, inventory and furnishings

1 points   

QUESTION 20

1. On March 3, 2006, Binford Tools acquired the following assets from Mace Harware for $360,000. How much goodwill should be recorded for this transactions?

   	Book Value	Fair Market Value
   Accounts Receivable	58,000	33,000
   Inventory	92,000	76,000
   Equipment	139,000	182,000
   Patent	13,000	8,000

   		$61,000
   		$58,000
   		$39,000
   		0

Entrepreneurs have been a driving force in the beverage industry for more than a century. In 1886, John Pem- berton began marketing Coca-Cola as an over-the- counter medicine, and in 1929 Charles Grigg developed Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda, today known as 7UP. The beverage industry has always provided oppor- tunities for entrepreneurs, but in the current market, the cost of purchasing new ingredients and technologies and the intense competition make the odds of a successful new product introduction less likely than in the past.1
New beverages are developed every year. In some years, more than 3,000 new beverage products are brought to the market, but many do not succeed. Entre- preneurs who attempt to succeed in this industry must be aware of the changing consumer tastes and industry trends.

Caffeinated Products: Coffee, Soft Drinks, and Water

Specialty coffee outlets in the United States experienced explosive growth during the 1990s, growing from only 200 in 1989 to approximately 10,000 by 2000.3
The most well-known name in the gourmet coffee in- dustry is Starbucks, but few people realize the company began in 1971. The company was started by three en- trepreneurs in Seattle’s Pike Place Market. The focus was on coffee and equipment, including filters, grinders, and pots—no scones, no cappuccinos. By 1987, there were only six Starbucks outlets, but another entrepreneur, Howard Schultz, saw the potential of Starbucks after traveling to Italy and seeing the many coffee bars there. Schultz raised $3.8 million and bought the company. The company went public in 1992 at $17 per share and within five months the stock price had doubled.4 By 2001, Starbucks had expanded to 3,500 stores in North America and 800 stores overseas.5 By 2004, it had 7,569 stores worldwide.6 Starbucks is also equipping its stores for high-speed wireless Internet access, so customers can surf the Net on their laptops or Palm Pilot. The longer people linger at the stores, the more likely they are to order another latte.7
Many entrepreneurs are not willing to let Starbucks own the coffee market, though. Caribou Coffee Com- pany was started by entrepreneurs after they had climbed mountains in Alaska in 1990 and saw a herd of  caribou in the valley below. By 2004, the company was the nation’s second largest specialty coffee company, em- ploying more than 3,000 people. The Caribou Coffee outlets look like Alaskan lodges with fireplaces and wooden cabinetry.8
A recent trend toward caffeinated soft drinks began with Jolt. Jolt was introduced in 1985 by C. J. Rapp, president of Global Beverages. Jolt became a moderate success and a fixture in the marketplace at a time when most other companies were taking caffeine out of their products. Although similar products entered the mar- ket after Jolt, there were few other successes.9 How- ever, by the late 1990s, caffeinated soft drinks were common and other companies were introducing simi- lar products.10
By the mid-1990s, an entrepreneur had developed another successful idea. A college student, David March- eschi, who used to pull all-nighters cramming for tests, developed the idea for caffeinated water. Although other students drank coffee or soda to stay awake, Marcheschi did not like the taste of either. He wondered why some- one couldn’t caffeinate plain water. A few years later, he mentioned his idea to a friend whose father owned a beverage company and within a few weeks, the formula  beverage company and within a few weeks, the formula for Water Joe was developed. In 1995, Marcheschi formed a partnership with Nicolet Forest Bottling and the product was launched.11 A small article appeared in a local paper, and then the Milwaukee Sentinel ran a front-page story that was picked up by the Associated Press. Articles about Water Joe spread rapidly across the United States.12 By the end of 1996, Water Joe was ship- ping 400,000 bottles each week and annual sales were about $12 million.13 By the year 2000, Water Joe had be- come a subsidiary of Artesian Investments, a 16-year-old company in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The national account manager for Artesian Investments states, “What we’re giving people is a healthier alternative.”14 As of 2003, Water Joe had expanded into Germany and was being introduced in the United Kingdom.15
Other creative entrepreneurs decided to sell similar products over the Internet. The founders of Thinkgeek. Com sell a “Case O’ Buzz Water.” Each bottle of water has the same amount of caffeine as two extra large cups of coffee.16
Herbal Drinks and Green Teas

Herbal drinks first become popular in 1970 when Mor- ris J. Siegel founded Celestial Seasonings, Inc., which markets herbal teas.17 Siegel has been described as a hip- pie with a penchant for herbs, and this persona has had a positive effect on the company. The culture of non- conformity led to a great deal of creativity, and by the mid-1990s, Celestial Seasonings was the leading spe- cialty tea maker in the United States.18 By 1998, Celes- tial Seasonings had jumped into the fastest growing segment in the tea industry—the green tea category. The market for green tea increased 53 percent in 1997 and showed no signs of slowing. Much of the growth in sales was attributed to research reports indicating that green tea may lower the risk of certain types of cancer and bal- ance cholesterol.19 By the end of the decade, Celestial Seasonings had teamed up with the company that intro- duced Arizona Iced Tea and launched a line of ready-to- drink teas in a smart retro bottle that looks like the melding of a glass bottle and a tin can.20
In 2000, Celestial Seasonings merged with the Hain Food Group. As of 2004, Celestial Seasonings was sell- ing 1.2 billion cups of tea per year. Morris (Mo) Siegel retired to climb the last section of the Colorado moun- tains he had not yet climbed.21
John Bello, cofounder of SoBe Beverage Co., says his company is “taking the concept of herbal remedies to the mass market.” SoBe’s products include a variety of teas containing plant extracts that improve alertness. One of the company’s “energy tonics” allows drinkers “to perform all day and all night.” Other teas include echi- nacea, selenium, or bee pollen for additional therapeutic purposes.22 A new marketing approach was imple- mented for some of its products in 2000. Six of its products—Energy, Lizard Fuel, Lizard Lightning, Elixir, Green Tea, and Lemon Tea—were marketed in paper cans. Each octagonal paper can was adorned with the radical SoBe lizard. The colorful labels come in pink, or- ange, tan and bright yellow.23 As of 2004, SoBe bever- ages were available internationally. The company was selling its product in Canada, Mexico, the Bahamas, the United Kingdom, Barbados, and Guam.24
Richard Keer, president of The Natural Group, an im- porter of all-natural nonalcoholic beverages, has re- cently begun to market a product called Ame, a drink made with fruit juices, eastern herbs, and spring water. It is available in red, white, and rose and is packaged in 250-ml and 750-ml bottles. The company also sells Nor- folk Punch, a nonalcoholic beverage based on an ancient monastic recipe of 35 different herbal extracts like fennel, rosemary, and peppermint.25

Juice Bars and Smoothies
Proponents of smoothies contend that the beverage is one of the most promising new beverage items since spe- cialty coffees. The term smoothie is a generic term for a blender-made concoction typically made from fresh fruit, fruit juices, ice, and sherbet or yogurt. Optional add-ons include calcium, protein powder, bee pollen, or the herb gingko biloba. Smoothies are often sold at juice bars and are marketed as a lowfat, high-nutrition meal in a cup.26
One company, Smoothie King, has been in existence for 24 years, since long before the great demand for the product developed. Richard Leveille, vice president of franchise development, calls Smoothie King’s products the first and best available. Its product is not yogurt- or sherbert-based, but primarily fruit-based. Smoothie King makes daily deliveries to the Dallas Cowboys camp, and during spring training it delivers 200 to 300 smoothies a day to the New York Yankees in Tampa.27 By 2004, Smoothie King had 340 units in 34 states and also had three international units.28
Another company, Jamba Juice Co., was establishing itself as a leader in the juice bar segment. Founder, Kirk Perron, established his first juice bar when he was 26 years old. Perron states that his company did not “invent smoothies or squeeze-to-order juices,” but his company was the first to “unlock the code and create a sensory ex- perience in those products.” Jamba Juice sells its prod- ucts in an atmosphere of hot pinks, purples, greens, oranges, and natural woods.29 By December 2004, the company had 430 units, with locations in airports and  oranges, and natural woods.29 By December 2004, the company had 430 units, with locations in airports and on college campuses.30

Duiscussion Questions

Using demographic segmentation, segment the market for

a. Water Joe

b. Celestial Seasonings tea

c. Smoothies

d. the green tea industry

Using benefit segmentation, segment the market for

a. Water Joe

b. Koppla

c. Smoothies

d. the green tea industry

The rapid growth of Water Joe fueled the creation    of the caffeinated water industry in 1996. How long do you expect the rapid growth of this industry to continue?

Identify potential market segments for Ame and the energy tonic, the products of SoBe Beverage Co.

What impact do entrepreneurs have on the beverage industry?

What national trend would be beneficial for Celestial Seasonings but detrimental for Water Joe?

Case Study Deutche Bank

Deutsche Bank was founded in Berlin in 1870 as a specialist bank for foreign trade by Georg Siemens and L. Bambeger.  During the early years  major projects included the. Northern Pacific Railroad in the US and the Baghdad Railroad in Iraq.  During WWI the Deutsche Bank lost most of its foreign assets and had to sell of many holdings.  At the same time, however the bank helped to establishment of the film production company, UFA, and the merger of Daimler and Benz.Darker days fell upon the Deutsche Bank after Hitler came to power, instituting the and the Deutsche Bank dismissed its three Jewish board members, and in subsequent years, took part in the confiscation of Jewish-owned businesses.  The bank itself fell into German government hands during which time it provided banking for the Gestapo and loaned the funds used to build the Auschwitz and IG Farben facilities.  It later contributed to a $5.2 billion in compensation fund following lawsuits brought by Holocaust survivors. In October 2001, Deutsche Bank was listed on the New York Exchange.  It was later named one of the major dirvers of the collaterized debt obligation market during the 2004-2008 housing bubble.In spite of Deutsche Banks’ involvement in these historical issues, it has recently made a commitment to both social endeavors and to the environment.  Deutsche Bank has invested in social projects such as StreetSmart, a campaign to raise money for charities for the homeless in the UK, and Surviving Winter, a campaign to help older and vulnerable individuals stay warm and well. Deutsche Bank has a commitment to long-term environmental sustainability. This includes reducing waste and working towards becoming more carbon neutral, and supporting innovative new technology. Since 2008 all electricity needs in the UK were met with renewable energies, and  85% of Deutsche Bank staff are now part of the Bin the Bin recycling initiative, reducing unrecyclable waste by 72% in two years.   

Case Study The HCT Group

HCT Group is an established bus operation with services across the UK , running including ten red London bus routes, Park and Ride services, and NHS staff transport.  HCT was launched in the 1980 to provide community transport in Hackney, London. At that time it was just one of many small community transport organizations that provided low-cost minibus transportation for marginalized communities, non profit organizations and social clubs.  It also provided transportation for disabled persons who had difficulty using public transportation.  HCT relied on grans and donations to support the operation.   However, in 1993, HCT like many similar companies found it hard to get grans to support their service.  Since the need in the community was just as great, HCT set out to find bold, new ways to meet their financial needs. This required rethinking how they conducted business and developing a new business model that would not rely on grants but on winning commercial transport contracts. HCT believed that if they could win such contracts, they could reinvest the profits into projects for the community that would have strong social impacts.  Part of this model included training the disadvantaged people of the community to take on the roles of drivers, passenger assistants and other jobs that not only provided them with income but allowed them to gain life-changing skills. HCT develop their own training skills to pass on to their employees and landed their first contract.  They went on to become the only accredited center for passenger transpotation training in Hackney, training 392 long-term unemployed people who became qualified in 2010-2011. By 2001 HCT had developed their skills as leaders in the transportation business to the point where they could compete for contracts with major transportation companies and won their first red bus route, opening them up to rapid growth.  Partnerships with other organizations opened up new depots and routes.  HCT now provides over 12 million passenger trips every year.  All profits are reinvested into the communities they service and fund training for long-term unempolyed.  At HCT it is not shareholders who reap the benefits but the skateholders.

Case Study:  Coca Cola

Coca Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton, a pharmacist, in 1886 in his back yard in Atlanta, Georgia.   His bookkeeper, Frank Robinson came up with the name and the flowing letters that don coke cans until this day.  The drink was initially sold at one soda fountain in Atlanta, bring in about $50 a day in revenue, while production costs equaled over $70, obviously operating at a loss.  A year after its inception, another pharmacist, Asa Candler bought the formula from Pemberton and through aggressive marketing made Coca Cola one of the most popular fountain drinks in America.  As the soda fountain era came to an end, the era of bottled soft drinks and fast food restaurants began to rise and opened up a new distribution channel for Coca Cola.  Today more than 1.4 billion drinks are consumed per day around the world in over 200 countries. The Coca-Cola Company is currently the world's largest beverage company, with more than 500 brands. They are the number one provider of sparkling beverages, ready-to-drink coffees, and juices and juice drinks in the world.According to Coca Cola’s 2012-2013 Sustainability Report, “At Coca-Cola, sustainability is a critical component of our business strategy. It is about improving lives, creating jobs, increasing opportunity, preserving resources and meeting needs for the communities we proudly serve around the globe,” said Muhtar Kent, Chairman and CEO, The Coca-Cola Company. “There are no issues that will more shape or define the 21st century than the global empowerment of women; the management of the world’s precious water resources; and the well-being of the world’s growing population.”Coca Cola’s sustainability focus is based on a framework of “Me, We, World” and has three leadership priorities:  Women, Water, and Well-being.  The focus on women addresses women entrepreneurs to help them overcome barriers to starting and operating businesses from fruit farmers to artisans in 22 countries.   In the area of sustainability, Coca Cola’s water initiative with companies and organizations throughout the world to reduce water use and deliver safe drinking water to communities in need. Coca Cola partnered with DEKA to provide Slingshot ™, a vapor compression water purification machine that can produce about 30 liters of water an hour on minimal energy usage, to communities in need of clean water in rural parts of Latin America and Africa.  In the area of well-being Coca Cola has focused on addressing obesity through production of low or no calorie products and has decreased its average calories per serving in its drinks by nine percent.   In addition, they support healthy living programs in many countries.Coca Cola maintains a philanthropic arm of the company that supports many community based initiatives, investing over $101.6 million in 2012 alone.  They have maintained their policy not to market to children, and address global climate issues through an ambitious goal of reducing their carbon footprint by 25% by 2020.

Case Study:  Intel and Corporate Social Responsibility

Intel Corporation is a semiconductor chip maker corporation headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Based on revenue, Intel is one of the world's largest semiconductor chip makers with an multinational presence. Intel Corporation was founded in 1968,  by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore under the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove. Intel makes motherboards, network interface controllers, integrated circuits, flash member, graphic chips, and processors, combining advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Until 1981 the majority of its business was devoted to SRAM and DRAM memory chip manufacturing.  Currently Intel is actively developing the 3-D transitor and 4th generation core processors.  As a socially responsible corporation, Intel is actively involved in improving lives, the community, and the environment.  In 1988 Intel established the Intel Foundation to fund educational and charitable endeavors.  Intel corporate leadership has a history of investment and engagement in programs to support social issues that has generated significant value both for Intel and for their stakeholders.  Intel is especially active in developing “conflict free” mineral products. Many product made by Intel, as well as countless others in the marketplace, contain tin, tantalum, tungsten, or gold, that are know as "conflict minerals". These minerals are often sold by rebels to fund violent conflict.  Intel is partnering with other organizations to find conflict free smelters for its resource supplies.Intel supported Mike Mick Ebeling’s Not Impossible Lab’s to develop Project Daniel that initially set to provide a boy with new arms and his village in South Sudan with the Intel® technology, Ultrabooks™, using 3-D printing to develop prosthetics to help other civil war victims.  In other areas, Intel’s She Will Connect program strives to close the Internet gender gap for girls and women that excludes them from 21^st century jobs and opportunities. This is especially critical in sub-Saharan Africa.  The project is intended to empower women, improve digital literacy training, provide online peer interaction, and gender relevant content.  It is expected to transform African economy and families.  Additionally, Intel supports educational projects especially for girls in Egypt, Tanzania, and 65 other developing countries through project such as Smart Girls and Girls Rising. Intel emphasizes the benefits communities and developing countries obtain when girls are educated leading to healthier and safer people, and less child marriage.  Intel India’s Empowering Women in Jharkhand, provides education and local economic support, Into empower underserved tribal women with education to start prosperous micro-businesses. Intel’s corporate culture has as its foundation a value for its people, the environment, human rights, and empowering the next generation.  Their commitment to the environment includes projects to improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions, conserve resources, and use innovative ways for sustainability.

Work through the Case Studies on Coca Cola, Intel, Deutsch Bank, HTC Group

For each company, analyze:

• How do each of these companies address sustainability?
• How does the focus on sustainability provide a strategic position for the company, if any?
• Analyze why the company engages in social activities.
• What form of corporate governance best fits a sustainable company?

Hello, I need some advice on the case below. I need to know some arguments for how Kant's ethics applies to this case, and why other people who believe in the Kantean theory of ethics would also support the arguments. I need to use Kants theory to determine if this is morally correct or incorrect.

Casino Gambling on Wall Street Case 4.5 Casino Gambling on Wall Street

CDO stands for “ collateralized debt obligation,” and before the financial meltdown of 2008, hardly any nonspecialists were familiar with this arcane acronym. A CDO is a collection of individual debts ( for example, home mortgages) that are bundled together in one investment pool. That pool can then be divided into different sections ( or “ tranches”), representing different degrees of risk, and sold to investors. An individual lender, such as a credit card company, may put together a CDO, or an investment firm may create a CDO from a package of loans from different lenders. Although abused during the housing bubble, CDOs perform a useful economic function. They allow lenders to focus on loan origi-nation and investors to buy interest- earning securities. 86 What serves no obvious economic function, however, are so- called synthetic CDOs, which represent a bet on the of a package of loans owned by others. For exam-ple, Goldman Sachs brokered a synthetic CDO, known as Abacus- 2007 AC1, based on the performance of a group of subprime loans. But unlike a normal CDO, a synthetic like Abacus contains no actual bonds or mortgage loans; it merely references assets owned by other people. As with other synthetic CDOs, one side of the option was betting the value of a bundle of assets ( owned by other people) would rise; the other side of the option that it would fall. In principle, it’s no different from wager-ing on the Yankees vs. the Dodgers or on a cricket fight. “ With a synthetic CDO, it’s a pure bet,” says Erik F. Gering, a former secu-rities lawyer and now a law professor at the University of New Mexico. “ It is hard to see what the social value is.” In the two years before the financial meltdown of 2008, over $ 100 billion in synthetic CDOs were issued, and ­everyone agrees that, by increasing the instability of the system, they were an important factor in that crisis. Moreover, their use represents a shift in the culture of investment banks from a focus on finding the most produc-tive allocation of savings to an emphasis on maximizing profit through proprietary trading and arranging casino- like wagers for market participants. For these reasons, many business writers and financial experts are critical of syn-thetic CDOs and other purely speculative derivatives, believing that they should be severely limited or even pro-hibited. However, companies like Goldman Sachs and oth-ers make $ 20 billion a year putting them together, and these firms lobbied strongly and successfully to see that the financial reform bill of 2010 didn’t significantly restrict them. In their defense, one industry insider says, “ I believe that synthetic CDOs have a very useful purpose in facilitat-ing the management of risk. . . . Such instruments facilitate the flow of capital.” But it is difficult for even the heartiest champion of syn-thetic CDOs to defend the Abacus- 2007 AC1 deal with a straight face. Goldman Sachs put it together for hedge fund tycoon John Paulson based on a group of lousy mortgage loans that he had selected for the sole purpose of betting that their value would go down. As with any synthetic CDO, of course, Goldman Sachs needed to find investors who would take the opposite position, which it did— the two largest being ABN Amro and IKB Deutsche Industriebank— and it was paid $ 15 million for closing the deal. Those companies, however, were not told that Paulson was betting against them nor that he had selected the underlying subprime mortgages only because he believed they were sure to lose value. And, sure enough, Abacus- 2007 AC1 soon produced a $ 1.5 bil-lion loss for ABN and an $ 840 million loss for IKB— but a $ 1 billion gain for Paulson. Goldman Sachs’s defenders say that ABN and IKB were sophisticated investors who should have known what they were doing and that who is on the other side of a CDO is not something that is routinely disclosed. So perhaps ABN and IKB deserved what they got— after all, one might argue, they had no real business undertaking a synthetic CDO as opposed to underwriting or ­insuring actual subprime loans. But, still, it’s hard to square Goldman Sachs’s treatment of them with the principle displayed on the company’s website: “ Our client’s interests always come first.” Goldman Sachs, of course, is not the only financial institution to manipulate its customers. The Securities and Exchange Commission has accused Citigroup, for exam-ple, of putting together a package of mortgage backed securities without telling investors that it was betting against them— that the fund was designed to fail. When it did, Citi earned $ 160 million while its investors lost $ 700 million. On the other hand, spread across the country are thousands of small community banks and not- for- profit credit unions. Believing that their job is to serve the com-munity, they often take a personal interest in their cus-tomers, making loans to local businesses, lending small sums to individuals who have fallen into financial trouble, or bending over backwards to help those who can’t keep up their mortgage payments. “ They support you person-ally,” says one customer. “ Customers . . . can walk in and talk to the president,” adds another, “ and know he isn’t sucking in their money and betting against them on pro-prietary securities.”