The conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA uses what enzyme?

In the citric acid cycle, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase, which uses NAD+ as an electron acceptor. In cells, the ratio of [NAD+]/[NADH] is kept very high. Given the following standard reduction potentials, explain why it is so important for cells to maintain this ratio. Justify your answer with words, equations and diagrams.

oxaloacetate + 2H+ + 2e- -> malate

E°red= -0.166 V

NAD+ + H+ + 2e- > NADH

E°red= -0.320

L-Serine is an amino acid that often is provided when intravenous feeding solutions are used to maintain the health of a patient. Molecular weight of 105, produced by fermentation and recovered and purified by crystallization at 10C. Yield is enhanced by adding methanol to the system, thereby reducing serine solubility in aqueous solutions. An aqueous serine solution containing 30wt% serine and 70wt% water is added along with methanol to a batch crystallizer thatis allowed to equilibrate at 10C. The resulting crystals are recovered by filtration; liquid passing through the filter is known as filtrate, and the recovered crystals may be assumed in this problem to be free of adhering filtrate. The crystals contain a mole of water for every mole of serine. The crystal mass recovered in a particular laboratory runis 500g, the filtrate is determined to be 2.4wt% serine, 48.8% water, and 48.8% methanol a.) draw and label a flowchart for the operation and carry out a degree of freedom analysis. Determine the ratio of mass of methanol added per unit mass of feed b.) laboratory process is to be scaled to produce 750 kg/h of product crystals. Determine required feed rates of aqueous serine solution and methanol

1. What is a second-messenger system? Why is it necessary for amino acid-based hormones to use such a system? Why does it allow amino acid-based hormones to only act where they are supposed to?

2. Which hormones does the pituitary gland make? Which other glands are directly controlled by the pituitary’s hormones? Why is it beneficial that so many glands are controlled by a single organ attached to the brain?

3. What is Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)? What kind of situations would cause this factor to be released? Where is produced? Why would this organ care about hypoxia?

4. What are the primary components of blood? What does each component do? What would you find dissolved in blood, and why are there so many things dissolved in the blood in the first place?

5. Where in the body is the highest oxygen concentration? The highest carbon dioxide concentration? Why is oxygen so high there? Why is carbon dioxide so high in the other location?

6. What are the three types of capillaries? What kind of functions would each type be used for?

7. What are the major anatomical differences between arteries and veins? What are the major physiological differences between arteries and veins? How do the physiological differences explain the anatomical differences?

8. What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary circuits? How is blood moved through each circuit?

9. How does the body use vasoconstriction and vasodilation to control blood pressure? Why does the body use arterioles instead of larger arteries or veins to control blood pressure?

10. What region of the brain can send signals that alter the heartrate? Why would that region, as opposed to the other three regions, have developed that ability?

11. What is a baroreceptor? Where are some of the locations where baroreceptors are located? Why would the brain need to monitor the body this way?

12. What hormones are used to control blood pressure? How do they cause BP to increase or decrease?

13. What are anatomical differences between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels? What are the physiological differences between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels? How do the physiological differences explain the anatomical differences? Are lymphatic vessels more like arteries or veins, and why?

14. What is the difference between a primary and secondary lymphoid organ? What are the two primary lymphoid organs, and what are the major secondary lymphoid organs?

15. What are the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)? Where are they found, and what do they do? Why would lymphoid tissues be beneficial in these locations?

1. In cystic fibrosis one amino acid is missing in the CFTR protein. Explain why this mutant protein will not end up in the plasma membrane. (You may need to investigate the normal function of this CFTR gene)

2. Why might a mutation in the DNA NOT lead to an abnormally functioning protein?

3. Describe one genetic disorder in which a gene is mutated and leads to abnormal protein folding ( other than Huntington’s). In “your disorder”, name the gene mutated and how it affects the protein.

4. Research Huntington’s disease: Describe the mechanism of the disease and its relationship to protein folding. Cite your references.

10. Glutamate is an example of an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts via direct synaptic transmission when it is released from presynaptic neurons in the brain.

Which of the following is a mechanism by which an action potential is LEAST likely to occur in the associated postsynaptic neuron? Summation of ionic events

1. temporally from rapid stimulation of the presynaptic neurons that release glutamate

2. spatially from the glutamate-releasing neurons and other neurons releasing an excitatory neurotransmitter that acts via an indirect mechanism

3. spatially from the glutamate-releasing neurons and other neurons releasing the excitatory transmitter, aspartate

4. spatially from the neurons releasing glutamate and other neurons releasing the inhibitory transmitter, GABA

5. spatially from many postsynaptic neurons that release glutamate.

1. How is evolution important to current/furture medical practive (for practitioner and patient, with examples)

2. Describe how evolutionary theory allows for a better knowledge about human behavior and how does this impact the understanding of various human behaviors that are diverse (with examples)

3. how does this have value to life. (with examples)

In a Harris poll of 514 human resource professionals, 90% said that the appearance of a job applicant is most important for a good first impression. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of all human resource professionals believing that the appearance of a job applicant is most important for a good first impression. Also, find the margin of error.