the following two questions are related to these two articles:

1) Pseuderanthemum palatiferum leaf extract inhibits the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-a and IL-6 expression in LPS-activated macrophages.

Sittisart P, Chitsomboon B, Kaminski NE

2)Early Weaning Stress in Pigs Impairs Innate Mucosal Immune Responses to Enterotoxigenic E. coli Challenge and Exacerbates Intestinal Injury and Clinical Disease  

            McLamb B, Gibson A,Overman E, Stahl C and Moeser A

Question 1: Summarize research studies using simple equations and graphs to represent experimental design and results

• Read the abstracts and the introduction section (especially the last paragraph) of the research articles indicated above
• 1) Identify the type of samples that were analyzed in the research (for example..did they take biopsies of specific organs/tissue?)
• 2) Determine whether the research involved in vitro and/or in vivo experiments
• 3) Propose a control group and an experimental group (or groups) based on the information provided
• 4) Identify the method used for analyzing samples (or propose a reasonable method based on information provided in the abstract and your own knowledge)
• 5) Propose measurements (y-axis labels) for the data based on information provided
• 6) Summarize the main question being addressed by the research (For example: What effect does ____________have on ____________?   
  • 2. Question 2: Use bar graphs as an alternative representation of various types of data
• Identify the components of samples represented in Figure 3a of the article by Sittisart et al. by filling in the following sentences. More than one word may be needed to fill in certain blanks.
• 1) The negative control group contains _______________(cells) that were treated with ______________
• 2) The positive control group contains ________________(cells) that were treated with ______________.
• 3) One of the experimental groups contains _______________(cells) that were treated with _________________.(remember…a negative control is a group that is expected to provide a low measurement and a positive control is a group that is expected to provide a higher measurement. These insure that the methods used are working properly)
• 4) Convert the data in Figure 6b of the article by Sittisart et al. into a bar graph, similar to the bar graph in Figure 3a. Propose a yaxis label that indicates what is being assessed in the experiment.

CASE 2 – 4 MARKETING - SIMPLY SHOES Founded in 2003, Simply Shoes had grown to six similar sized outlets by 2014, and was headquartered in Winnipeg Manitoba. For the past year, management had been debating the value of the money being spent on advertising and promotions. Mathew Micheli, the controller emphatically stated, “I am of the opinion that we should simply stop advertising altogether.” Mathew stated, “We are facing tough times and all that money would simply go to our bottom line and Bob has not shown us that it really pays for itself.” “Well I don’t know how I can convince you, Mathew,” stated Bob Merlin, the marketing manager, “but I can’t imagine maintaining our market share without advertising. All our major competitors spend about the same percentage of their sales on marketing as we do, as best as we can figure. How would our customers find out about our special sales? No we should not cut our advertising budget – we should increase it by 30 per cent. “That’s a lot more money, about $285,000 if I’m not mistaken,” stated Jasmine Kilby, manager of stores. “Why not put more emphasis on direct mail campaigns or even do a better job on our in store signage and displays”. We’ve got about 53,000 names in our customer data base, and they are almost evenly distributed between our six outlets. It would cost about $1.00 to mail each customer a letter, which would be a lot cheaper than our advertising, and would probably be much more effective as well. Not to mention, our in-store merchandizing can be done for around $28,000 per event, and about $10,000 in production and $2,000 per store to implement. “I’m tired of these disagreements,” stated Janet Jones, president. “It’s time we resolved this issue. We’ve got our big Father’s Day event coming up in six weeks and there are several items that we were going to promote heavily. Then there is the Canada Day sale shortly after that. Let’s try some testing of these ideas around these two week-long events to find out which way is the best to spend our advertising, direct mail, and merchandizing dollars. Now, I know that none of our store managers or buyers will want nothing short of a full ad and promotional effort in their areas. I think we can convince then otherwise if we have a good test design to offer them. We had originally set aside $40,000 for advertising and $28,000 for merchandizing for these two events. Bob, would you please design a couple of effective tests and get back to me by the end of the week.

Question: Prepare an executive summary of this case study

CASE 2 – 4 MARKETING - SIMPLY SHOES

Founded in 2003, Simply Shoes had grown to six similar sized outlets by 2014, and was headquartered in Winnipeg Manitoba. For the past year, management had been debating the value of the money being spent on advertising and promotions.

Mathew Micheli, the controller emphatically stated, “I am of the opinion that we should simply stop advertising altogether.” Mathew stated, “We are facing tough times and all that money would simply go to our bottom line and Bob has not shown us that it really pays for itself.”

“Well I don’t know how I can convince you, Mathew,” stated Bob Merlin, the marketing manager, “but I can’t imagine maintaining our market share without advertising. All our major competitors spend about the same percentage of their sales on marketing as we do, as best as we can figure. How would our customers find out about our special sales? No we should not cut our advertising budget – we should increase it by 30 per cent.

“That’s a lot more money, about $285,000 if I’m not mistaken,” stated Jasmine Kilby, manager of stores. “Why not put more emphasis on direct mail campaigns or even do a better job on our in store signage and displays”. We’ve got about 53,000 names in our customer data base, and they are almost evenly distributed between our six outlets. It would cost about $1.00 to mail each customer a letter, which would be a lot cheaper than our advertising, and would probably be much more effective as well. Not to mention, our in-store merchandizing can be done for around $28,000 per event, and about $10,000 in production and $2,000 per store to implement.

“I’m tired of these disagreements,” stated Janet Jones, president. “It’s time we resolved this issue. We’ve got our big Father’s Day event coming up in six weeks and there are several items that we were going to promote heavily. Then there is the Canada Day sale shortly after that. Let’s try some testing of these ideas around these two week-long events to find out which way is the best to spend our advertising, direct mail, and merchandizing dollars. Now, I know that none of our store managers or buyers will want nothing short of a full ad and promotional effort in their areas. I think we can convince then otherwise if we have a good test design to offer them. We had originally set aside $40,000 for advertising and $28,000 for merchandizing for these two events. Bob, would you please design a couple of effective tests and get back to me by the end of theweek.”

qqquQuestion: Prepare an executive summary of this case study

Q

Scenario
Doug was a newly single 42-year-old man, whose reentry into the dating world led to a few casual sexual encounters with women he met while out in bars.

After 8 months apart, Doug and his wife reconciled. He decided it would be best not to mention the other women he had intercourse with because he was pretty sure his wife would get upset even though they were not together at the time.

Signs and symptoms
Several months later, during a dentist’s appointment, the hygienist noted what looked like a series of small bumps on the back and side of Doug’s tongue, which had not been noted in his chart before.

At his next visit, the bumps had expanded into lesions and Doug mentioned them as a concern. The dentist noticed that his tonsil on the side of the tongue lesions was swollen, as were the lymph nodes. He prescribed an antibiotic, which Doug took.

The lesions didn’t get better but they also got no worse. A few weeks later Doug developed a stubborn sore throat, so he went to see his family physician.

Testing
When Doug’s doctor saw the lesion at the back of his tongue, he sent Doug for an oral brush biopsy procedure.

When the biopsied tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain, the pathologist noted a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.

A second sample was obtained by scalpel biopsy and tested for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, specifically HPV-16 and HPV-18. The results were returned as positive for viral DNA.

Question 1: Referring to the image below obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), describe the following characteristics of HPV: Enveloped or nonenveloped? Capsid symmetry?

Question 2: HPV has a double-stranded DNA genome. What is the Baltimore group for HPV?

Question 3: Other than genome, what criteria are used in the Baltimore model to create distinct groups of viruses?

Diagnosis
Doug’s diagnosis was stage IV squamous cell carcinoma.



Question 4: How is the detection of HPV DNA in the cancer tissue pertinent to this diagnosis?

Question 5: How does HPV facilitate the replication of its genome and production of mRNA transcripts from the viral genes?

Treatment
Doug had surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, followed by six months of radiation therapy. After two years, there was no recurrence of the cancer.

Question 6: A vaccine, Gardisil, is available to prevent HPV infection. How does a vaccine that protects against a viral infection prevent cancer?

Additional Considerations
Question 7: In a human host cell, where does the process of viral DNA replication occur?

Question 8: Where does translation of HPV mRNA occur in an infected host cell?

Question 9: How are viral latency and lysogeny related?

What is Islamophobia and what year was it coined?

Subject: 51 year Caucasian female                                     

Height: 5'5"                                                                              

Weight: 190 lbs                                                                            

Vitamin D Status: 12 ng/ml                                                    

Waist-to-Hip Ratio: 1.1

Body Fat %: 42% (via DXA)

Conditions Include:

type 2 Diabetic                                                                        

Hyperlipidemia                                                                       

Osteopenia (via DXA Scan)

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)    

Vitamin D Status: 12 ng/ml                                                    

Hypertension

Sarcopenia

She states that she is essentially leading a sedentary lifestyle, but is motivated to make nutrition and exercise changes to improve health.

Dietary Recall:  Inadequate intake of Calcium, Vitamin D, Viscous-gel forming fiber, Omega-3 FAs.  Excess intake of Total FAT, Saturated FAT, and Trans FAT

Discuss:

1.      Calculate BMI and BMI category she calculates into.

2.      Dietary recall...discuss the recommended intake of nutrients listed above for this subject, and thus what levels of each she either did not meet or exceeded. Then list foods she could add or eliminate to improve dietary intake.

3.      For every condition listed above (Type 2 Diabetic, Hyperlipidemia etc.), discuss how each is diagnosed (test or technique used; cutoff values to determine

diagnosis).

4.      Discuss interrelationships between conditions listed above...how these conditions are linked and exacerbate entire overall health status.

5.      Discuss realistic dietary and exercise changes she could begin to implement in her routine to improve overall health...discuss mechanisms of improvement for

each condition where appropriate.

Vitamin D

1.      Discuss in detail the synthesis and activation of Vitamin D

2.      Discuss Vitamin D status...what is measured and cutoff values for different categories (sufficient, insufficient, deficient)

3.      Discuss food sources and lifestyle changes she could add to improve Vitamin D status.

4.      Discuss recommended Vitamin D intake (from food, supplementation, and sun exposure) for her to achieve sufficient Vitamin D status in a safe manner.

5.      Discuss in detail the mechanisms or potential/proposed mechanisms that Vitamin D could improve each condition listed above.