The emissivity of the human skin is 97.0 percent. Use 35.0 °C for the skin temperature and approximate the human body by a rectangular block with a height of 1.64 m, a width of 35.5 cm and a length of 25.0 cm.
Calculate the power emitted by the human body.

What is the wavelength of the peak in the spectral distribution for this temperature?

Fortunately our environment radiates too. The human body absorbs this radiation with an absorbance of 97.0 percent, so we don't lose our internal energy so quickly. How much power do we absorb when we are in a room where the temperature is 21.0 °C?

How much energy does our body lose in one second?

1. Which of the following is/are required for retrotransposons to move from one location to another in the genome?

Select one or MORE:

a. RNA polymerase

b. DNA polymerase

c. ribosomes

d. reverse transcriptase

2.

Which of the following is/are not commonly used in gene expression and cell replication in human cells?

Select one or MORE:

a. ribosomes

b. reverse transcriptase

c. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DNA-->RNA)

d. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (DNA-->DNA)

e. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA --> RNA)

3.

Ubiquitin can be added to lysine, cysteine, serine and threonine residues in proteins. The ubiquitination (addition of ubiquitin) of a protein would:

Select one:

a. target the protein to be translocated to the rough endoplasmic reticulum to continue translation of the peptide.

b. trigger the hydrolysis of its complementary mRNA sequence.

c. trigger alternative splicing of mRNA by snRNP.

d. trigger the removal of the pro-segment of a enzyme, activating it.

e. target the protein for breakdown by proteasomes in the cell.

4.

miRNA can:

Select one or MORE:

a. form a complex with proteins that will block translation of mRNA containing complementary sequence

b. form a complex with proteins that will break down mRNA containing complementary sequence

c. remove introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotes

d. fluoresce when complementary mRNA is present

5.

Coordination of gene expression of enzymes required in a single metabolic pathway in eukaryotes would require:

Select one or MORE:

a. organization of genes into operons

b. the same combination of control elements for all genes in the pathway

c. alternative splicing of a single gene to produce all enzymes in a pathway

d. presence of the correct combination of activator proteins for the genes in the pathway

This is a descriptions of a mutation designed to give an individual super powers/abilities. Answer all parts of the question in essay style. Use biochemistry concepts and connections for answers. Don't contain irrelevant information in the answer.

Since Avengers have returned life back to near normal, in the future, Shuri is designing genetic mutations that will make non-enhanced avengers faster and stronger, mainly important for Sam Wilson. She created a strain of genetically engineered mice that mimic human metabolism exactly. They have all the intermediates, pathways, and enzymes found in humans. The first step for her lab is to test the mutations out on these mice to see if they have any unintended consequences. All mutations are being designed to give enhanced ATP production, during periods of activity, & muscle synthesis during periods of rest.

One proposed mutation is a mutation in the liver glycogen phosphorylase isoform that causes it to remain in a phosphorylated state, regardless of a presence of any cellular kinases & phosphatases. One unanticipated side effect is that the mice with the mutated glycogen phosphorylase become fatigued after periods of strenuous exercise more quickly than the non-mutated mice. This happens unless they are fed a diet high in carbohydrate before exercise and given a steady supply of glucose during the exercise.

Answer these questions, completely:

1. Why are these mice becoming tired/fatigued more quickly than unaffected mice? In your answer explain how the mutation is going to change the activity of this enzyme.

2. How does the diet high in carbohydrates and glucose supply during exercise help prevent tiredness/fatigue? Explain.

3. Can this mutation given an increased ability to synthesize ATP during periods of strenuous activity/exercise? Explain

If you introduced a strongly expressed gene for a mutant enzyme that constitutively exhibited adenylate cyclase activity, what would you predict to be the relative level (high/normal/low) of β-galactosidase activity in the following growth conditions? Explain each answer.

1. Presence of both glucose and lactose (3 points)

2. Absence of glucose, presence of lactose (3 points)

3. Absence of glucose and absence of lactose (3 points)

a) Describe how EF-tu contributes to the fidelity of translation? In your answer include the role of GTP binding and hydrolysis. b)Describe the 2 process that (besides EF-Tu) contributes to the fidelity of translation elongation and in your answer discuss which very reliable enzyme with proof-reading capacity mediates this step.

ef-tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) catalyzes binding of tRNA to ribosomes. it is a g protein

Propose a new 'enzyme exercise' which could be adapted to online learning (i.e, perhaps an experiment that can be conducted in the kitchen). The experiment teaches the main concepts about enzymes and you describe an experiment with independent and dependent variables and controls. Feel free to submit something you found online and suggest modifications. Make sure to reference your sources. You may use your lab manual as a reference.

TRUE OR FALSE

1. For facilitated diffusion to occur there needs to be a protein in the cell membrane

2. Ions like Na⁺ and K⁺ can easily move across the cell membrane

3. Cells may have a cell membrane and not cell wall

4. An atom with 17 electrons meets the octet rule

5. Attaching to the allosteric site of an enzyme means that inhibitor molecules will increase the Km in an enzymatic reaction

McArdle Disease (glycogen storage disease 5) is caused by mutations in the phosphorylase enzyme in muscle. The symptoms are muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue during strenuous exercise. A patient is undergoing an ischemic exercise test and is fed 13C glucose prior to the test and then blood is drawn after the test. Explain how the following substrates would be labeled 1) alpha-ketoglutarate, 2) glucose 3) ribose, and 4) alanine.

Consider the reaction that converts pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) into gaseous acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and gaseous CO2, which is catalyzed in aqueous solution by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase. Assume ideal gas behavior for CO2.

(a) Calculate delta-G (298 K) for this reaction at 160 bar.

(b) Calculate delta-G (298K) for this reaction at 100 bar. State any important assumption needed in addition to ideal gas behavior.

Some enzymes are inhibited by high concentratins of their own substrates. (a) show that when substrate inhibition is important the reaction rate v is given by

v= Vmax/ ( 1+km/[S}o + [S]o/K1

Where Ka is the equilibrium constant for dissociation of the inhibited enzyme substrate complex. (b) What effect does the substrate inhibition have on a plot of 1/v against 1/[S]o?