The goal of this lab is to write a simple, but functional, web server that is capable of sending files to a web browser on request. The web server must create a listening socket and accept connections. It must implement just enough of the HTTP/1.1 protocol to enable it to read requests for files and to send the requested files. It should also be able to send error responses to the client when appropriate.

It would be useful to see the HTTP protocol in action before beginning your work. Your program will have to read HTTP requests and send HTTP responses

To see what an HTTP request might look like, you can run the program ReadRequest, which can be found in the code directory. To run the program, cd to that directory on the command line, and enter the command java ReadRequest. The program is ready to accept requests from web browsers on port 50505. (It will continue to do so until you terminate the program.) When it receives a request, it simply prints out the request, including all headers. It then closes the connection; it does not send any response back to the browser. To see a request, open a web browser, and enter the URL http://localhost:50505/path/file.txt into the browser's location box. The request will be output to the console window where you are running the ReadRequest program. The first line of the request should be GET /path/file.txt HTTP/1.1". This will be followed by several headers.

To send an HTTP request and see the response, you can use the standard telnet program. Type the following lines carefully in a console window:

telnet google.com 80

Add a blank line, by pressing return twice after typing the last line. This sends a legal HTTP request for the file index.html. The web server on math.hws.edu will respond by sending a status line followed by some headers and a blank line, followed by the contents of the file. You can try to get some error responses, if you want, such as by asking for a non-existent file instead of index.html or by using a different method instead of GET.

Start a new Eclipse project and create your main program class. The basic programming for a server is pretty standard: It just has to create a ServerSocket and use it to accept connection requests. For the main routine in your program, you can just use the main routine from ReadRequest.java. You can copy-and-paste it from here:

public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket;
try {
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(LISTENING_PORT);
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Failed to create listening socket.");
return;
}
System.out.println("Listening on port " + LISTENING_PORT);
try {
while (true) {
Socket connection = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("\nConnection from "
+ connection.getRemoteSocketAddress());
handleConnection(connection);
}
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Server socket shut down unexpectedly!");
System.out.println("Error: " + e);
System.out.println("Exiting.");
}
}

The problem is to write the handleConnection() method. This method gets an already connected socket as a parameter. It can use that socket to get an InputStream and an OutputStream for communicating over the connection. It can read the request from the input stream and send a response to the output stream. Finally, it can close the connection. You can use some ideas (and maybe some code) from the handleConnection method in ReadRequest.java, but the method that you are writing will be a good deal more complicated.

It is very important that:

(a) the handleConnection method should catch and handle any exception that occurs so that the exception does not crash the whole server, and

(b) the socket must be closed at the end of the method. Use a try..catch..finally statement to make sure that (a) and (b) are done correctly. See ReadRequest.java for an example.

Your program should be ready to send error responses to the client, as well as fulfilling legitimate requests. The next section asks you to implement error-handling. For now, you can simply return from the handleConnection method when you detect an error.

The first three tokens that you read from the input stream should be "GET", the path to the file that is being requested, and "HTTP/1.1" (or, just possibly, "HTTP/1.0"). If you can't read three tokens, or if they are not of the expected form, you should consider that to be an error.

Assuming that the request has the correct form, you want to try to find the requested file and send it in a response over the output stream. All the files that are available on your server should be in some directory, which is called the root directory of the server. You can use any directory that you want as your root directory, as long as you can read that directory. For example, if you want to serve up files from Professor Corliss's web directory, you can set

String rootDirectory = "/home/mcorliss/www"

Of course, you could also use your own www directory. Assuming that rootDirectory is the root directory of your server and pathToFile is the path to the file as given in the request from the browser, then the full name of the file is rootDirectory + pathToFile, and you can create a File object to represent the file that is being requested as follows:

File file = new File(rootDirectory + pathToFile);

Note that:

the method file.exists() can be used to check whether the requested file actually exists
the method file.isDirectory() tests whether the file is actually a directory rather than a regular file
the method file.canRead() tests whether you can read the file
the method file.length() tells you the length of the file, that is, how many bytes of data it contains.
Once you have found the file and know that it is a regular file and that you can read it, you are ready to send a response to the browser. (If the file is a directory, you can't send it, but a typical server, in this case, will send the contents of a file named index.html in that directory, if it exists. You can think about how to implement this if you want.) Before you send the file itself, you have to send the status line, some headers, and an empty line. You can use a PrintWriter to do this. However, the HTTP protocol specifies that ends-of-line should be indicated by "\r\n" rather than the "\n" that is standard in Linux. Although I have found that it doesn't matter when sending text documents, it does seem to matter when sending images. So, instead of using out.println(x), you should use out.print(x + "\r\n") to send a line of text, and use out.print("\r\n") to send a blank line. The status line to indicate a good response should be:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

(with "\r\n" at the end). You should send three headers: "Connection", "Content-Length", and "Content-Type". For the Connection header, you can send

Connection: close

which informs the browser that you are going to close the connection after sending the file. The Content-Length header should specify the number of bytes in the file, which you can find with the file.length() method. The Content-Type header tells the browser what kind of data is in the file. It can generally be determined from the extension part of the file name. Here is a method that will return the proper content type for many kinds of files:

private static String getMimeType(String fileName) {
int pos = fileName.lastIndexOf('.');
if (pos < 0) // no file extension in name
return "x-application/x-unknown";
String ext = fileName.substring(pos+1).toLowerCase();
if (ext.equals("txt")) return "text/plain";
else if (ext.equals("html")) return "text/html";
else if (ext.equals("htm")) return "text/html";
else if (ext.equals("css")) return "text/css";
else if (ext.equals("js")) return "text/javascript";
else if (ext.equals("java")) return "text/x-java";
else if (ext.equals("jpeg")) return "image/jpeg";
else if (ext.equals("jpg")) return "image/jpeg";
else if (ext.equals("png")) return "image/png";
else if (ext.equals("gif")) return "image/gif";
else if (ext.equals("ico")) return "image/x-icon";
else if (ext.equals("class")) return "application/java-vm";
else if (ext.equals("jar")) return "application/java-archive";
else if (ext.equals("zip")) return "application/zip";
else if (ext.equals("xml")) return "application/xml";
else if (ext.equals("xhtml")) return"application/xhtml+xml";
else return "x-application/x-unknown";
// Note: x-application/x-unknown is something made up;
// it will probably make the browser offer to save the file.
}

Putting all this together, the beginning of the response might look something like:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 3572

with a blank line at the end. And don't forget to flush the PrintWriter after sending this data.

Finally, it's time to send the data from the file itself! The file is not necessarily text, and in any case it should be sent as a stream of bytes. The following method can be used to copy the content of the file to the socket's output stream:

private static void sendFile(File file, OutputStream socketOut) throws
IOException {
InputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
OutputStream out = new BufferedOutputStream(socketOut);
while (true) {
int x = in.read(); // read one byte from file
if (x < 0)
break; // end of file reached
out.write(x); // write the byte to the socket
}
out.flush();
}

At this point, your web server program should work for legal requests for valid files. Note, by the way, that you can try telnetting to your server and sending it a request, to see what response it actually sends.

Error Handling

If something goes wrong with a request, the server should nevertheless send a response. The first line of a response always contains a status code indicating the status of the response, as well as a textual description of the status. For a normal response, the status code is 200, indicating success. Status codes for errors are in the 400s and 500s. For example, the status code 404 is used when the request asks for a file that does not exist on the server. The first line of the response, in this case, is "HTTP/1.1 404 Not

Found". The response should also include, at least, a "Content-type" header and the content of the page that is to be displayed in the browser to inform the user of the error. For example, the complete response for a 404 error might look like:

HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

<html><head><title>Error</title></head><body>
<h2>Error: 404 Not Found</h2>
<p>The resource that you requested does not exist on this server.</p>
</body></html>

Toys for fun Co. is working at full production capacity producing 20,000 units of a unique product, OB1. Sale price and costs per unit for OB1 are as follows:

            Sale price                                 $ 40

Direct materials                        $ 5

            Direct manufacturing labour     $ 8

            Manufacturing overhead          $ 14

Selling costs (all variable)          $ 8

The unit manufacturing overhead cost is based on a variable cost per unit of $10 and fixed costs of $80,000 (at full capacity of 20,000 units).

A Chinese customer, Zhao Co., has asked Toys for fun Co. to produce 4,000 units of Jedi1, a modification of OB1. Jedi1 would require the same manufacturing processes as OB1. Zhao Co. has offered to pay Toys for fun Co. $33 for a unit of Jedi1 and half the selling costs per unit.

1. Ottawa Co. has offered to produce 4,000 units of OB1 for Toys for fun Co. so that Toys for fun Co. may accept the Zhao Co. offer. That is, if Toys for fun Co. accepts the Ottawa Co. offer, Toys for fun Co. would manufacture 16,000 units of OB1 and 4,000 units of Jedi1 and purchase 4,000 units of OB1 from Ottawa Co. Ottawa Co. would charge Toys for fun Co. $30 per unit to manufacture OB1. Should Toys for fun Co. accept the Ottawa Co. offer? (Support your analysis with detailed analysis).

2. Suppose Toys for fun Co. had been working at less than full capacity, producing 16,000 units of OB1 at the time the Zhao Co. offer was made. What is the minimum price Toys for fun Co. should accept for Jedi1 under these conditions (ignore the previous $33 selling price).

Gabi Gram started The Gram Co., a new business that began operations on May 1. The Gram Co. completed the following transactions during its first month of operations. May 1 G. Gram invested $42,500 cash in the company in exchange for its common stock. 1 The company rented a furnished office and paid $2,300 cash for May’s rent. 3 The company purchased $1,910 of office equipment on credit. 5 The company paid $730 cash for this month’s cleaning services. 8 The company provided consulting services for a client and immediately collected $5,400 cash. 12 The company provided $2,700 of consulting services for a client on credit. 15 The company paid $760 cash for an assistant’s salary for the first half of this month. 20 The company received $2,700 cash payment for the services provided on May 12. 22 The company provided $3,600 of consulting services on credit. 25 The company received $3,600 cash payment for the services provided on May 22. 26 The company paid $1,910 cash for the office equipment purchased on May 3. 27 The company purchased $80 of office equipment on credit. 28 The company paid $760 cash for an assistant’s salary for the second half of this month. 30 The company paid $350 cash for this month’s telephone bill. 30 The company paid $290 cash for this month’s utilities. 31 The company paid $1,800 cash in dividends to the owner (sole shareholder). 2.1. Prepare the income statement for May. 2.2. Prepare the statement of retained earnings for May. 2.3. Prepare the balance sheet as of May 31. 3. Prepare the statement of cash flows for the month of May..

A sample of 225 American males showed a mean lifetime of 69.8 years, standard deviation of 4.3 years.

Give 99.73% confidence limits for the mean lifetime of American males.

There is a lot of talk about whether or not the “American Dream” is still a reality in the United States. What is the American Dream? To what extent, in your opinion, is the promise of this dream still true?

What is the frontier thesis? What role does Turner argue the frontier has played in American history? from “Significance of the Frontier in American History” essay. 300 WORDS!

1-What types of cells does poliovirus infect in the early stages of the infection?

2-What types of cells does poliovirus infect in the early stages of the infection?

3-True or False: Mutations of the CCR5 gene can confer a resistance to infection with HIV?

Many firm choose to enter the market early to get a number of advantages including the opportunity to do monopoly of the business. What are some benefits of entering market early? There are opportunities to enter the market late. Why a firm may choose to enter into a market late?.