In textbook Chapter 18 section 18.3 you will find a description of “Trophic Cascades”.  Explain what this means.

      Describe how the concept of trophic cascade is related to the Keystone species concept in Chapter 17.

If you believe the punctuated-equilibrium model is true about groups, how can you use this knowledge to help your own group?

Please explain in at least 120 words.

This is a continuation of our last discussion in some ways. In the previous discussion we covered the options used as speculating and hedging. A good and simple way to price an option is a Binomial Tree. The idea is that each branch involves a random walk. It’s like flipping a coin heads or tails and the next time it all resets again to either heads or tails. The Binomial Tree and its construction can use one and two period values of those options on either stocks commodities or futures. This section includes the mechanics of pricing these binomial options. In the next module after this one we will discuss the valuation in more detail. Up to now we looked at pricing an option to other options. We now look at the pricing of an option relative to the underlying asset. There are European options which only can be exercised only at expiration and American options (most popular) that can be exercised any time up to expiration.

Question(s) of Discussion. You can discuss any ONE or more of the following.

1. What is your opinion of the Binomial Tree and as far as its relevance to valuations of options.
2. Which are more important in your opinion and why; one period and two period Binomial Trees and why.
3. Try to find and add to the discussion if you can using a real company option example of an American or European option and discuss its valuation and if you think its fairly priced and why.

In 100 words One method of price discrimination for firms is the use of coupons and rebates. Firms are basically allowing consumers to self-identify their respective price elasticities of demand for a product. Describe the last time you used a coupon or a rebate, and another time where you knew a coupon might be available and yet chose to not bother with it. Make sure to explain how the opportunity cost of your time and effort played a part in the choice you made. Do you think price discrimination through coupons is fair? Should there be laws against this behavior? Why or why not?Please type answer in detail

One method of price discrimination for firms is the use of coupons and rebates. Firms are basically allowing consumers to self-identify their respective price elasticities of demand for a product. Describe the last time you used a coupon or a rebate, and another time where you knew a coupon might be available and yet chose to not bother with it. Make sure to explain how the opportunity cost of your time and effort played a part in the choice you made. Do you think price discrimination through coupons is fair? Should there be laws against this behavior? Why or why not?Please type in detail

Python

1.Explain what happens when a program receives a non-numeric string when a number is expected as input, and explain how the try-except statement can be of use in this situation.

2.What is meant by the state of an object, and how does the programmer access and manipulate it?

3.Explain the differences between instance variables and temporary variables. Focus on their visibility in a class definition, and on their roles in managing data for an object of that class.

4.Explain the purpose of the variable self in a Python class definition.

Consider the following dataset:

x1 Yellow Yellow Green Green Red Red Green Red Yellow

x2 5 2 10 4 3 7 2 5 4

y 1 3 7 5 10 18 4 8 3

(a) (3pts) Split the data into a train and test set where the test set contains observations 1 and 7. Answer this by writing down the two datasets.

(b) (2pts) Use Rstudio to estimate a model (which uses both x1 and x2 as predictor variables) using the train set

(c) (2pts) According to this model, what is the impact of an observation being Red (as opposed to Yellow) on our prediction of the response variable?

(d) (2pts) Use Rstudio to estimate a model (which uses only x2 as the predictor variable) using the train set.

(e) (3pts) Compute the MAE on the test set for both estimated models. Note: You must show all calculations for this solution. That is, it should not be done using Rstudio aside from using Rstudio for arithmetic computations (like a calculator) and to obtain the estimated models from (b) and (d).

In this section you have discussed taking samples. For this post you will plan how you will take a sample. At NCSU there are approximately 31,000 students and about 7,000 faculty and staff. We would like to compare the cars of students with those of faculty/staff. Specifically we would like to determine if the average mileage (odometer reading NOT MPG)  for students’ cars is higher than that of faculty/staff cars. To answer this question we need to collect a sample of cars from each group. In this post you should explain how you would carry out this sample. The sample should consist of 200 subjects with at least 100 subjects from each group. You should explain how you will select this sample and how you would collect the information. You should be complete but you should also be concise. Explain the important details that may be relevant. Your post should be approximately 2 to 4 paragraphs.

The following question is based on the lifetime of muon lab.

(i) The muons whose decays we observe are born outside the detector and therefore spend some (unknown)
portion of their lifetime outside the detector. So, we never measure the actual lifetime of any muon.
Yet, we claim we are measuring the lifetime of muons. How can this be? In addition to this, Why do the lifetimes of positive and negative muons differ?

(ii)The timeout interval for the experiment was found to be 20.02 microseconds. What does the timeout interval of the FPGA imply about the maximum time between signal pulses when conducting the lab? Please explain this part in detail.

(iii) Explain the behaviour of the muon rate reported by the software as the discriminator threshold and
HV setting are varied. (Note that during the experiment, the muon rate decreased for both) Why is this?

(b) You have been employed as a network administrator in an organization. If you have to send the data of your organization through the internet (there might be very untrusty network nodes), what kind of encryption will you use? Further, sometimes attackers exploit a special feature of the transport layer (segmentation and reassembly) to launch an attack. What attack is this? (c) Of the various firewall types available for use in a business network, which type collects network connection information and maintains dynamic state tables used for subsequent connections and which enables ports to be opened and closed as needed? Explain. Further, why is it so difficult to stop DDoS attacks by blocking the attacking IP addresses?