6. Calculate the concentration of H3O + or HO- , as indicated, when each of the strong acids below is dissolved in the indicated total volume of water.

a) 1.5 moles of HBr is dissolved in 4.0 L of H2O. [H3O + ] = _____________ moles/L

b) 1.0 mole of Ba(OH)2 is dissolved in 10.0 L of H2O. [HO-] = ______________ moles/L

You have constructed four different libraries: a genomic library made from DNA isolated from human brain tissue, a genomic library made from DNA isolated from human muscle tissue, a human brain cDNA library, and a human muscle cDNA library.

You wish to clone the human gene encoding myostatin, which is expressed only in muscle cells.

A. Assuming the human genome is 3×10^9 bp and that the average insert size in the genomic libraries is 100 kb, how frequently will a clone representing myostatin be found in the genomic library made from muscle?

Express your answer as a probability.

B. How frequently will a clone representing myostatin be found in the genomic library made from brain?

Express your answer as a probability.

C. How frequently will a clone representing myostatin be found in the cDNA library made from brain?

Express your answer as a probability.

According to natural law theory, actions are right just because they are natural and wrong just because they are unnatural. The theory has a number of attractions. By grounding morality in human nature, the theory promises to explain both how morality could be objective and why morality applies only to human beings. The theory could also help us to understand the origins of morality and how we can come to have moral knowledge. If, through science, we come to understand our nature and its origin, then according to natural law theory, we will know everything we need to know about morality. If natural law theory is to be plausible, its defenders must specify exactly what sense of “human nature” is supposed to be morally relevant. On one understanding, human nature consists of whatever is innately human. Others take human nature to be whatever all or most humans have in common. Still others understand human nature to consist of whatever we were “designed” by nature to do. The problem for natural law theory is that none of these understandings of human nature seems to provide a sufficient basis for morality. Whether an action or character trait is morally good does not seem to depend on whether it is innate or acquired. The percentage of people who have a given trait does not seem particularly morally relevant, either—even if almost everyone were cruel, this would still not make cruelty morally admirable. Furthermore, on either of the two most common ways of understanding natural purposes, whether an action enables us to fulfill a natural purpose doesn’t seem to tell us whether that act is morally permissible or not. The term human nature can be understood in many ways. Even if we settle on one definition of human nature, however, it is far from obvious that everything natural is morally good, or vice versa. Given that natural laws merely tell us how things will behave whereas the function of moral laws is to tell us how we should behave, it should come as no surprise that nature does not tell us everything we’d like to know about morality.

"Suppose that 'human nature' consists of the set of innate characteristics that all (or most) humans share. Understood in this way, what does human nature tell us about morality? Is it always immoral to behave contrary to human nature?" Write 200 words.

For the Fermentation experiment, describe how you could increase the rate of CO2 production by adding enzymes to sucrose and starch. Which enzymes would you use and what would be your predictions on CO2 production rates in relation to the other carbohydrates?

Explain how your measurements would be affected if the seeds broke down their energy source through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but did not utilize the electron transport chain until later

Research the environments of the following microbes. Based on their environment, which utilize cellular respiration or fermentation
a. Clostridium difficile
b. Micrococcus luteus

For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.

ATP                                catabolic           inner                 outer                permeable

acetyl CoA                      electrons          isomerize           oxidize              protons

anabolic                         glycolysis          kinase                peptides           pyruvate

anaerobic                       GTP                  NADH

• Given what you know about photosynthesis, what do you think may occur given a change in the available light to plants on earth, where only the green and red wavelengths of light are available to plants? Include a bit of information about how light is used by plants for photosynthesis.

• Review section 4.1 and 4.4 regarding glycolysis and fermentation, respectively. Compare and contrast the two processes including the components that are involved in each. When you think about the concept of fermentation, what are some benefits of conducting this type of energy production and provide two examples of organisms that use it.

Determine the number of net ATPs produced in the following
situations. Assume that each NADH and FADH2 enter the STE. Be careful, sometimes not
is ATP what you want to determine

Show your calculations and strategies to get the corresponding number.
_______________1. Number of NADH if seven acetyl Co-A molecules enter Krebs.
_______________2. Two molecules of glucose-phosphate enter into glycolysis to produce
pyruvate.
_______________3. Three molecules of glucose in a cell treated with cyanide.
_______________4. Seven molecules of glucose in a yeast under aerobic conditions.
_______________5. Two glucose molecules where hexokinase has been mutated and is not
functional.

NADH and FADH2 are often considered “energy currency” in cellular metabolism because they are generated
directly from Glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Using the following half-cell potentials, calculate the Gibbs Free Energy
that can be derived from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. Use the Faraday Constant at 96,500 J/V mol.
FAD + 2H+ +2 e- = FADH2 Eo = -0.219V
NAD+ + H+ + 2 e- = NADH Eo = -0.320V
a. 21.3 and 30.8 kJ/mol
b. -21.3 and -30.8 kJ/mol
c. 42.3 and 61.8 kJ/mol
d. -42.3 and -61.8 kJ/mol

1.  Suppose you are a cellular biologist tracking cellular respiration in a cell.  You know that the cell has completed catabolism a certain number of glucose molecules and has partially catabolized another.  You have documented the following being produced:

                                    130 molecules of ATP

                                    44 molecules of NADH

                                    8 molecules of FADH₂

                                    26 molecules of CO₂

            a.  How many molecules of glucose have been completely catabolized?  (2)

            b.  How far along the cellular respiratory pathway has the remaining glucose been catabolized (hint, it is past the energy pay-off phase of glycolysis)?  Explain how you figured out the responses to questions 1a and 1b.  (4)

(Hint, your answer will be similar to: “a. 10 molecules of glucose have been completely catabolized” and “b. the remaining glucose has been catabolized through the energy investment phase of glycolysis”.)

2. Suppose a plant cell outputs 4 molecules of G3P.  (These 4 G3P can then be use do make 2 molecules of glucose).

            a.  How many total CO₂ does the plant cell have to take in to output 4 G3P and to keep the Calvin Cycle going (RuBP is also regenerated)?

            b.  How many total ATP does the plant cell use in order to output 4 G3P and to keep the Calvin Cycle going (RuBP is also regenerated)?

            c.  How many total NADPH does the plant cell use in order to output 4 G3P and to keep the Calvin Cycle going (RuBP is also regenerated)?

Explain the inverted pendulum for modeling human gait. Then explain why can't this model be a good choice for human running?