Experiment 2 – Light Independent Reaction

After the light dependent reaction, the light independent takes place. During this phase, also known as the Calvin Cycle, the energy generated in the light independent phase is used to fixate the carbon atoms from carbon dioxide and glucose is produced.

In this experiment you will use baby spinach leaves to demonstrate the utilization of carbon dioxide during the light independent reaction of photosynthesis. Phenol red is an organic dye that undergoes a color change according to pH . The color of this compound will appear as follows:

Because phenol red can be used to detect changes in pH, it can also be used as an indirect method of detecting changes in the amount of CO2 dissolved in a solution. When CO2 is added to a solution, some of it reacts with water to produce an acid called carbonic acid. In turn, some of the carbonic acid dissociates to increase the [H⁺] in the solution. Therefore, if the amount of CO2 in a solution is increased, the [H⁺] increases (pH is lowered) and the solution becomes more acidic. It also follows that if the amount of CO2 in a solution is lowered (e.g., by removal of CO2 from the solution), the [H⁺] will decrease (pH increases) and the solution becomes more basic. The chemical reactions involved are shown below.

To detect the process of carbon fixation (CO2 reduction), you will use this pH indicator to detect changes in the CO2 level.

Materials

Fresh spinach leaves

2 glass test tubes

2 - 250 ml beakers

Phenol red solution

Permanent marker or wax pencil

Water *

Sunshine or bright light source *

Stopwatch/timer

Metric ruler

Procedure

Add 20 ml of phenol red solution to 2 glass test tubes.

With your straw , blow bubbles over the top of the solution until it turns yellow. The color change occurs when the water in the phenol red solution and the CO2 are combined forming carbonic acid . Make sure that both tubes are the same shade of yellow.

Add a small leaf of baby spinach to tube 2 only

Place the 2 test tubes into sunshine or a bright light at time for 2 hours.

Record the color every ½ hour.

Questions

What is the independent variable in this experiment?

What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

What happened to the color of the solution over time?

What is the process that is occurring to make the phenol red solution change colors?

What is the function of the following components in the process of photosynthesis (this may differ than how this compounds were used in the experiment)

CO₂:

Light:

H₂O:

O₂:

Chloroplasts:

An instructor who taught two sections of engineering statistics last term, the first with 25 students and the second with 35, decided to assign a term project. After all projects had been turned in, the instructor randomly ordered them before grading. Consider the first 15 graded projects.

(a) What is the probability that exactly 10 of these are from the second section? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(b) What is the probability that at least 10 of these are from the second section? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(c) What is the probability that at least 10 of these are from the same section? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(d) What are the mean value and standard deviation of the number among these 15 that are from the second section? (Round your mean to the nearest whole number and your standard deviation to three decimal places.)

(e) What are the mean value and standard deviation of the number of projects not among these first 15 that are from the second section? (Round your mean to the nearest whole number and your standard deviation to three decimal places.)

An instructor who taught two sections of engineering statistics last term, the first with 25 students and the second with 35, decided to assign a term project. After all projects had been turned in, the instructor randomly ordered them before grading. Consider the first 15 graded projects.

(a) What is the probability that exactly 10 of these are from the second section? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(b) What is the probability that at least 10 of these are from the second section? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(c) What is the probability that at least 10 of these are from the same section? (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


(d) What are the mean value and standard deviation of the number among these 15 that are from the second section? (Round your mean to the nearest whole number and your standard deviation to three decimal places.)

(e) What are the mean value and standard deviation of the number of projects not among these first 15 that are from the second section? (Round your mean to the nearest whole number and your standard deviation to three decimal places.)

Assignments : A. Film Analysis Related to Interpersonal Communication Background on the Assignment:

In a written assignment of approximately 1,000 words, examine how the insights you gained from course readings thus far relate to some of the characters, scenes or plot in a film that you have viewed. Students are encouraged to select from a wide array of films, from independent productions to Hollywood hits. This analysis should include three parts:

Part One: Explain the interpersonal communication concepts/competencies that you will survey in this analysis, including a brief explanation of each of the key terms you will reference. In this section, I encourage you to define the key concepts explored in the film (i.e. if you are analyzing The Breakfast Club, naturally, you will discuss topics such as friendship and self-disclosure). In additional to identifying these key concepts, you must also define them according to definitions provided by Adler et al (author of your textbook) and/or Aitken et al (author of your course manual). In other words, this section of your paper will be more descriptive than analytical or critical.

Part Two: Give a brief overview of the film, including some description of the plot and character development, if applicable. You summary should be about one to two paragraphs only. For example, some films (such as The Breakfast Club) will require that you introduce the main characters since this particular film is largely about character development while other films are more focused on particular social issues. After viewing the film, you should judge what aspect of the film you will likely focus on in your summary. Please keep in mind that this section should include an original summary and not one that is largely adapted based on Wikipedia, IMDB or other sites.

Part Three: Describe and assess how the interpersonal dynamics featured in the film apply to your own understanding of interpersonal communication. In this section, you are called upon to ‘put on your critical hat’ so that you may explore the key concepts identified in Part One while cross-referencing them as they become apparent in the film. Perhaps you will argue that the conflict you studied in the textbook and manual is not consistent with the conflict you analyzed while viewing the film, Crash for instance. It could be that you argue that conflict should be further explored through the lens of intercultural communication, given that conflict often arises when cultures ‘crash’. In this section, I am asking that you interrogate the concepts or the film’s portrayal of the concepts based on the information you have gathered in reading course materials thus far. You may also include personal examples in your own life if you think it strengthens your argument.

Sources: Please ensure that you cite a minimum of two sources, one being the film you will analyze and the other, being either your textbook or your course manual. You are welcome to include additional sources, though it is not required. Finally, you may site your sources and format your assignment, using either MLA or APA.

Protein functions: identify and briefly explain the function of 5 proteins found in the section on Structure & Motion; briefly explain the function of albumin and hemoglobin in the section Fluid & Acid-base Balance.

In this section I want you to pick a technology and profile it’s evolution over the years (e.g. power, communication, travel). Explain how innovations in this technology have benefited society and helped us make use of our scarce resources.

I chose a smartphone.

1. If an employee is awarded stock with a 2-year vesting period, what are the advantages and disadvantages to the employee to making a Section 83 election? How is this election made? Does the election (or lack of election) impact the employer?

2. The following statement is true: Lapse restrictions affect the timing, but not the amount, of compensation recognized under Section 83. Nonlapse restrictions affect the amount, but not the timing, of compensation recognized under Section 83. Explain why this is true.

f) Discuss the following design criteria “the member must be designed adequately and safely to sustain the load i.e. ᵠR≥ᵞQ”

g) What are the difference between design and analysis of the rc section?

h) Explain the behavior of rc beam (load-deflection or Moment-curvature) under the flexural loading highlighting different stages of loading till failure; i.e. un-cracked section, cracked section, service condition, yielding and ultimate loading condition.

As stated in the textbook “In this era of employers, government, and insurance plans asking patients to take a much more active role in their healthcare, the PHR is a natural response to this need.”

In a separate section, make sure to address the points below and in APA format. Include 2-3 APA citations from scholarly sources;

Discuss common concerns about security breaches in electronic health records and the role HITECH plays in helping to keep protected health information secure.

Research the use of electronic health records and personal health records to determine how they are different or similar and if and how they are protected by HIPAA standards.

Explain the concept of Meaningful Use.

Discuss each of the five intended outcomes of compliance with EHR programs:

• Better clinical outcomes

• Improved population health

• Increased transparency and efficiency due to the accessibility of records.

• Empowered individuals

• More robust research data