You are looking at an illustration depicting the process of telomere addition. Which enzyme is most likely to be found on the illustration:

Draw and/or describe the process of phototransduction from the molecular change in retinal to the change in ion flow through cGMP-gated ion channels. What would happen if a photoreceptor had a mutation that made the phosphodiesterase enzyme constantly active?

A patient has an under-functioning pancreas, which of the following will NOT be affected?

A) Enzyme function in the small intestine. B) Polypeptide digestion. C) Na+/K+ pump activity on the microvilli. D) Breakdown of energy stores in response to fasting.

1) What will happen if Angiotensin Converting Enzyme production is increased?

Choose whether they increase or decrease:

a) Blood Volume

b) MAP

c) GFR

d) Vasopressin release

- - -

2) Will this cause a positive or negative sodium balance?

3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of transcription? Which enzyme will complete transcription? 3’ TACTYCATAACTGC 5’ 5’ ATGAAGTATTGACG 3’ What is the product of translation? Give a silent mutation using arginine

Choose one type of glucose sensor (it could be enzyme based, simple chemical base, or spectrochemical base) and briefly explain the chemical principles behind the glucose sensor. The description should be one page (300 words) in length.

The “Eyland Krew”; Lola(No Waay!), Dai Lejai(Ghet Da Stat Out!), Mayra(Oh Shift!)and Leslie(Smak Dat Stat), wanted to find the number of tune-ups per month necessary for the new TSEGAsports car. They sent their top executive RandDominic(of “RejectTim,he’s Shady!”) and they came up with the following results:

Tune-ups: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Probability: .05 .10 .30 .16 .23 .12 .04

Find:

a.(2pts.)The probability that theTSEGAsports car needed no less than 3tune-ups in a month.

b.(6pts.)Find the variance and the standard deviation for the number of tune-ups in a month.

c.(3pts.)What was the average number of tune-ups per month?

Match the following neurotransmitter receptor subtype to the ligand, and properties

Alpha 1, D2, AMPA, CB1, CB2, GABAa, mu opioid, 5HT3, alpha 2, kappa opioid, D1, 5HT1A, GABAb, NMDA

• Binds dopamine with high affinity, producing slow hyperpolarization through decreasing cAMP

• Binds dopamine with low affinity, producing slow repolarization through increasing cAMP

• Binds norepinephrine with low affinity producing slow depolarization through increasing intracellular cAMP

• Binds serotonin, opening ligand gated channel, producing a fast PSP

• Binds serotonin, often found presynaptically acting as auto receptor slowing neurotransmitter release, due to decreased cAMP which closes voltage gated calcium channels

• Ionotropic receptor acting as Cl- channel that increases ion influx in presence of both GABA and depressant drugs like anxiolytics

• Metabotropic receptor producing a slow hyperpolarization when bound to GABA

• Ionotropic receptor ligand gated by glutamate and glycine; also Mg+ blocking channel so require ligands+ simultaneous membrane depolarization to allow Ca++ influx

• Ionotropic receptor ligand gated by glutamate, allowing passage of Na+. This produces most fast EPSPs from glutamate binding

• Binds 2-AG with high affinity, anandamide is a partial agonist, heavily expressed in CNS, found presynaptically, Gi-coupled

• Found on microglia and in periphery on immune cells, Gi-coupled associated with controlling (limiting) cytokine release

• Gi-coupled, ligand activated by dynorphin, found on presynaptic VTA terminals, when activated will decrease DA release from VTA terminals

• Gi-coupled, ligand activated by beta-endorphin, found on presynaptic GABA terminals projecting to VTA, when activated will disinhibit VTA, increasing DA release from VTA

For each of the following molecules, determine if they are acids or bases in the presence of water AND which definition (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, or Lewis) applies to each. [Note: Some molecules may fit multiple definitions.]

NO

H₂S

Ca(OH)₂

MgO

(COOH)₂

BCl₃

NH₄⁺

C₅H₅N

A. A mutation in the Dorsal gene that causes the Dorsal protein to bind with high affinity to all of the DNA binding sites for dorsal (remember normally there are low and high affinity sites in front of different genes that allow the effect of a gradient to proceed at the molecular level).

1)What will happen to the particular molecule,

2) what would happen at the cell(s) level, and

3) what would happen at the level of the whole body (if it is a developmental mutant, what would happen if the embryo continued to develop to the adult stage with that mutation)?

D. A single amino acid change in the Bax channel in the human hair follicle stem cells.The mutation causes these channels to randomly open at a regular interval.

1)What will happen to the particular molecule,

2) what would happen at the cell(s) level, and

3) what would happen at the level of the whole body (if it is a developmental mutant, what would happen if the embryo continued to develop to the adult stage with that mutation)?

C. A somatic mutation in the voltage gated sodium channels in the motor neuron that innervates (attaches to) the pinky muscle fibers. The mutation lengthens (2X as long) the “chain” of the cytoplasmic “ball” for these channels.

1)What will happen to the particular molecule,

2) what would happen at the cell(s) level, and

3) what would happen at the level of the whole body (if it is a developmental mutant, what would happen if the embryo continued to develop to the adult stage with that mutation)?