Enolase is an enzyme that catalyzes one reaction in glycolysis in all organisms that carry out this process. The amino acid sequence of enolase is similar but not identical in the organisms. Researchers purified enolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a single-celled eukaryotic yeast that grows best at 37°C, and from Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a bacterium that grows best at the much higher temperature of 55°C. The researchers compared the activity of purified enolase from the two organisms by measuring the rate of the reaction in the presence of varying concentrations of substrate and a constant amount of each enzyme at both 37°C and 55°C.
(a) Depending on the organism, the optimal pH for enolase to catalyze its reaction is between 6.5 and 8.0. Describe how a pH below or above this range is likely to affect enolase and its catalytic ability.
Question 2
(b) Identify the appropriate negative control the researchers most likely used when measuring the reaction rate in the presence of each organism’s enolase.
Question 3
(c) The researchers predict that for any particular concentration of substrate, the C. aurantiacus enolase-catalyzed reaction is more rapid at 55°C than at 37°C. Provide reasoning to justify the researchers’ prediction.
In: Biology
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of unsaturated fatty acids?
a. Unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature because the bent chains that result from double bonds occupy more space than saturated fatty acids and do not pack together well.
b. By definition unsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids.
с. Inserting double bonds into a fatty acid chain is a strategy for adapting to cold weather.
d. All fatty acids yield the same amount of energy (9 kcal per gram) whether saturated or unsaturated, omega-3, omega-6. or omega-9. regardless of chain length.
Which of the following statements regarding protein quality or protein needs is TRUE?
a. The RDA for protein is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight for sedentary workers, but 1.7 g per kilogram of body weight four athletes.
b. Vegans cannot obtain sufficient essential amino acids for growth and repair.
c. Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) evaluates protein quality based on weight gain compared to protein consumed.
d. It is necessary to consume complementary proteins at the same meal.
Which of the following statements regarding protein quality is NOT TRUE?
a. Net protein utilization (NPU) is the ratio of amino acids converted to protein to amino acids supplied by diet.
b. Eggs rank among the highest quality proteins.
c. Red meat is the highest quality dietary protein.
d. Biological value (BV) measures the proportion of absorbed protein that becomes body protein.
Which of the following statements is TRUE of athletes and their physical performance with regard to protein and fat needs?
a. Endurance athletes need at least 30% of calories from protein.
b. For strength athletes, protein is the most efficient source of fuel.
c. For endurance athletes, meeting increased energy (calorie) demands with natural foods supplies sufficient protein.
d. For endurance athletes, fat is the most important source of fuel.
In: Biology
In: Biology
Explain the relationship between DNA, genes , proteins and amino acids in 100-300 words
In: Biology
7. a). Why should the core of most globular and membrane proteins consist almost entirely of α-helix and β-
sheets?
b). Name the structural and functional advantages of having proteins with a quaternary structure.
c). In a protein, what amino acids (polar or non-polar) would mostly be in the interior folds?
Give a reason for your answer.
d) On the surface of a folded protein, amino acids with what properties would be more predominant?
Give a reason for your answer.
In: Chemistry
22. Draw the structure of two steroid hormones and name their use in humans.
23. Draw 3 amino acid structures explain their primary uses and sources of the amino acids.
24. Explain the four components of the protein tertiary structure.
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In: Chemistry
In: Biology
How many different primary structures could be formed using the four amino acids alanine, phenylalanine, serine and valine? Write the amino acid sequences (using the three letter code) of all the possible peptides that begin with phenylalanine. You must use each amino acid once and only once in each peptide.
In: Chemistry
Explain how the body and brain meet their energy requirements during times of fasting and starvation. Specifically how do the products of gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, ketogenesis, and fatty acids meet these needs?
In: Biology
41. What are the main differences of the gene to protein axis between eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems ? Please write/explain the following terms, genetic code, reading frame, six amino acids with their abbreviation, start and stop codons. 45. Please explain the amino acid activation process for tRNA, and aminoacyl-tRNA linkage with mediated proteins in detail. 61. Please explain the mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation in detail. 65. Which technique do you know that you can separate a DNA fragment according to its protein binding capacity ? Please explain how you can do it ? 81. What is the difference of Selenocysteine, when we compared to other amino acids. Please explain in detail.
45. Please explain the amino acid activation process for tRNA, and aminoacyl-tRNA linkage with mediated proteins in detail.
61. Please explain the mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation in detail.
65. Which technique do you know that you can separate a DNA fragment according to its protein binding capacity ? Please explain how you can do it ?
81. What is the difference of Selenocysteine, when we compared to other amino acids. Please explain in detail.
In: Biology