Imagine that the donut is a sexually reproducing animal and that a single enzyme forms the hole. All donuts observed in the past have had holes. Suppose a mutation occurs in one gene of the donut such that it now codes for an inactive protein instead of the hole-forming enzyme. Which of the following predictions would be most likely in descendants of this mutant donut? For each prediction, explain whether or not it would be a likely prediction.

a. All members of the next generation will have holes

b. Heterozygous donuts will not have holes

c. If the cell in which the mutation occurs undergoes mitosis, subsequent generations of donuts will all have holes

d. The next generation will all be holeless

e.Past generations of donuts have all had holes

In some plants a red pigment is synthesized from a colorless precursor by a single enzyme coded for by gene A. The red pigment can be changed into a purple pigment by another enzyme coded for by gene B. A cross between pure-breeding purple plants and white plants with the resulting F₂:

94 purple

31 red

43 white

A.Give a concise genetic hypothesis for inheritance of flower color from these results (include number of genes, number of alleles, and the relations between genes and alleles).

B.Using symbols A and B to correspond to genes A and B as described above symbolize the genotypes and their ratios for each F₂ phenotypic class.

C.If the F₁ is used in a testcross, what phenotypic ratio would you expect in the progeny?

During glycogen degradation, the bifunctional debranching enzyme breaks _______ linkages. The debranching process releases a single _______ monomer.

(A) a-1,6; glucose 1-phosphate

(B) a-1,6; glucose 6-phosphate

(C) a-1,4; glucose 1-phosphate

(D) a-1,4 and a-1,6; glucose 1-phosphate

(E) a-1,4 and a-1,6; glucose

A young patient presents at the hospital with a deficiency in debranching enzyme transferase activity. You take a muscle biopsy and examine the structure of the glycogen in this patient’s tissue under a microscope. What would you expect to see?

(A) accumulation of glucose 1-phosphate

(B) accumulation of normal, intact glycogen

(C) no glycogen formed at all

(D) accumulation of very long glycogen branches with single glucose branch points

(E) accumulation of short glycogen branches

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the regulation of glycogen synthase?

(A) The enzyme exists in an inactive a form and an active b form.

(B) Glycogen synthase is allosterically activated by AMP.

(C) Glycogen synthase b will transition to glycogen synthase a in the presence of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).

(D) Glycogen synthase activity is increased by epinephrine.

(E) Glycogen synthase is activated after phosphorylation by GSK or protein kinase A.

1. (Triglyceridase/Lipoprotein lipase/Lipoprotein hydrase/Pyruvate) is an enzyme that removed excess triglycerides from the bloodstream and put them into fat storage. This enzyme is found to have a higher rate of activity in obese individuals.

2. When more calories are taken in than expended energy balance is said to be (consistent/positive/negative/reversed)

3. Adipose tissue is made up of both fat and the (myofibrils/osteocytes/adipocytes/neurons) that store the fat.

4. The enzyme responsible for pulling circulating, excess triglycerides out of the bloodstream and placing them into fat storage is called (triglycerades/Lipoprotein lipase/protease/hydrolase)

5. While genetics have been found to play a role in a person’s susceptibility to develop obesity, lifestyle factors such as diet, stress management, and physical activity have been shown to play a role in the development of obesity. These factors are known as (epigenetic/ susceptibility/ genetic/ intrinsic) factors

6.When body fat increases, the hormone (cortisol/leptin/testosterone/ ghrelin) increases suppresses appetite.

7. (Gherlin/ Estrogen/ Norleptin/ Norepinephrine) is produced in the stomach and promotes appetite and weight gain. Levels generally increase before a meal and decrease after a meal.

Bolded part are the options to choose from for each question.

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation takes place in the _________________________.

In Eukaryotes, transcription takes place in _______________________.

The regions of genes that code for proteins are called _____________________.

The regions of genes that do not code for proteins are called _____________________.

6. Mutation p.191, 10^th ed.

What is a mutation? _____________________________________________________________________

What is the difference between Spontaneous mutation and induced mutation?

Protein Synthesis – Kinds of RNA

5. List the three types of RNA and describe an important property of each:

DNA Replication

4. The enzyme that break the hydrogen bonds of the 2 DNA strands: _____________________

     The enzyme that builds the new DNA strand complementary to the original DNA is called ____________________.

     Short DNA segments called Okazaki fragments are joined together by the enzyme called ____________________.

3. List the three molecular processes involved in the transfer of DNA and describe each.

   a.)

   b.)

   c.)

1. What is a nucleoid? -________________________________________________________

Describe supercoiling. ________________________________________________________________

List one purpose of supercoiling in bacteria. ___________________________________________

The average microbial genome size is ________________________________.

=

2. DNA structure of Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Organization of chromosomes in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

A double slit experiment is conducted with a red laser with wavelength l = 700 nm. The distance between the slits and the viewing screen is L = 2.00 m. Consider two experiments that have different slit spacings: Experiment A with dA = 2.00 μm and Experiment B with dB = 40.0 μm. For each experiment, calculate the following (be sure to keep at least three significant figures in all your intermediate calculations):

a)

1. Using Δr = d sinθ , calculate the angle, q1, for the first maximum (constructive interference) above the central maximum. Experiment A and Experiment B

b)

1. Using the angle you calculated in part a) and y = L tanθ , calculate y1, the location on the screen of the first maximum.Experiment A and Experiment B

1. AZ|AB = 272° 09’ 15”
2. BRG|BC = S 16° 13’ 51” W      
3. AZ|CD = 96° 52’ 00”
4. BRG|DA = N 7° 42’ 35” W

2. you were given directions (bearings or azimuths) of 4 sides of a closed polygon traverse: ABCDA.
   1. By taking the difference between successive azimuths, find the four deflection angles (i.e., angles from the projection of the previous line to the next line) for this traverse. For example: DEFL ∠B = AZ|BC – AZ|AB. What is the sum of the deflection angles?
   2. For this traverse, what is the geometrically correct total of the sum of the interior angles ((INT ∠))?
   3. For this traverse, what is the geometrically correct total of the sum of the exterior angles ((EXT ∠))?

1. Identify and explain how certain water-soluble vitamins regulate proteins through post-translational modifications (altering the function of an existing protein by forming a covalent bond without changing its abundance).

2. Explain how vitamin C interacts with fat metabolism.

3. For carbohydrates (glycolysis/TCA), identify and discuss how vitamins are involved in procuring energy.

4. For lipids (lipolysis/β-oxidation), identify and discuss how vitamins are involved in procuring energy.