Northwood Company manufactures basketballs. The company has a ball that sells for $25. At present, the ball is manufactured in a small plant that relies heavily on direct labor workers. Thus, variable expenses are high, totaling $15.00 per ball, of which 60% is direct labor cost. Last year, the company sold 40,000 of these balls, with the following results:

Sales (40,000 balls) $1,000,000

Variable expenses 600,000

Contribution margin 400,000

Fixed expenses 265,000

Net operating income $135,000

2. Due to an increase in labor rates, the company estimates that next year's variable expenses will increase by $3.00 per ball. If this change takes place and the selling price per ball remains constant at $25.00, what will be next year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls?

3. Refer to the data in (2) above. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $135,000, as last year?

4. Refer again to the data in (2) above. The president feels that the company must raise the selling price of its basketballs. If Northwood Company wants to maintain the same CM ratio as last year (as computed in requirement 1a), what selling price per ball must it charge next year to cover the increased labor costs?

5. Refer to the original data. The company is discussing the construction of a new, automated manufacturing plant. The new plant would slash variable expenses per ball by 40.00%, but it would cause fixed expenses per year to double. If the new plant is built, what would be the company’s new CM ratio and new break-even point in balls?

6. Refer to the data in (5) above. a. If the new plant is built, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $135,000, as last year?

b. Assume the new plant is built and that next year the company manufactures and sells 40,000 balls (the same number as sold last year). Prepare a contribution format income statement and Compute the degree of operating leverage.

Speedy Sports manufactures basketballs that sell for $ 25. At present, the ball is manufactured in a small plant that relies heavily on direct labor workers. Therefore, variable costs are high, totaling $ 15 per ball, of which 60% is direct labor cost. Fixed costs are $ 210,000. Last year, the firm sold 30,000 balls.

1. Compute (1) the CM ratio and the breakeven point in units and (2) the degree of operating leverage.
2. Due to an increase in labor rates, the firm estimates that variable expenses will increase by $ 3 per ball next year. If this change takes place and the selling price remains the same, what will be the new CM ratio and breakeven point in balls?
3. Refer to the data in (b) above. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same before tax operating income as last year?
4. Refer to the data in (b) above. The CEO feels that the company must raise the selling price of its basketballs. If the firm wants to maintain the same CM ratio as last year, what unit selling price must it charge next year to cover the increased labor costs?
5. Refer to the original data. The firm is discussing the construction of a new, automated manufacturing plant. The new plant would slash variable expenses per ball by 40%, but it would cause fixed costs per year to double. If the new plant is built, what would be the firm’s new CM ratio and new breakeven point in balls?
6. Refer to the data in (e) above.
   1. If the new plant is built, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the before tax operating income as last year?
   2. Presume the new plant is built and that next year the firm manufactures and sells 30,000 balls (the same number as last year). Prepare a contribution margin income statement and compute the degree of operating leverage.
   3. If you were a member of top management, would you have been in favor of constructing the new plant? Explain.

Problem 5-20 (Algo) CVP Applications: Break-Even Analysis; Cost Structure; Target Sales [LO5-1, LO5-3, LO5-4, LO5-5, LO5-6, LO5-8]

Northwood Company manufactures basketballs. The company has a ball that sells for $25. At present, the ball is manufactured in a small plant that relies heavily on direct labor workers. Thus, variable expenses are high, totaling $15.00 per ball, of which 60% is direct labor cost.

Last year, the company sold 54,000 of these balls, with the following results:

Required:

1. Compute (a) last year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls, and (b) the degree of operating leverage at last year’s sales level.

2. Due to an increase in labor rates, the company estimates that next year's variable expenses will increase by $3.00 per ball. If this change takes place and the selling price per ball remains constant at $25.00, what will be next year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls?

3. Refer to the data in (2) above. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $168,000, as last year?

4. Refer again to the data in (2) above. The president feels that the company must raise the selling price of its basketballs. If Northwood Company wants to maintain the same CM ratio as last year (as computed in requirement 1a), what selling price per ball must it charge next year to cover the increased labor costs?

5. Refer to the original data. The company is discussing the construction of a new, automated manufacturing plant. The new plant would slash variable expenses per ball by 40.00%, but it would cause fixed expenses per year to double. If the new plant is built, what would be the company’s new CM ratio and new break-even point in balls?

6. Refer to the data in (5) above.

a. If the new plant is built, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $168,000, as last year?

b. Assume the new plant is built and that next year the company manufactures and sells 54,000 balls (the same number as sold last year). Prepare a contribution format income statement and compute the degree of operating leverage.

Chapter 6 HOMEWORK

Problem 6-20 CVP Applications: Break-Even Analysis; Cost Structure; Target Sales [LO6-1, LO6-3, LO6-4, LO6-5, LO6-6, LO6-8]

Northwood Company manufactures basketballs. The company has a ball that sells for $25. At present, the ball is manufactured in a small plant that relies heavily on direct labor workers. Thus, variable expenses are high, totaling $15.00 per ball, of which 60% is direct labor cost.

Last year, the company sold 37,500 of these balls, with the following results:

Required:

1. Compute (a) last year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls, and (b) the degree of operating leverage at last year’s sales level.

2. Due to an increase in labor rates, the company estimates that next year's variable expenses will increase by $3.00 per ball. If this change takes place and the selling price per ball remains constant at $25.00, what will be next year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls?

3. Refer to the data in (2) above. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $210,000, as last year?

4. Refer again to the data in (2) above. The president feels that the company must raise the selling price of its basketballs. If Northwood Company wants to maintain the same CM ratio as last year (as computed in requirement 1a), what selling price per ball must it charge next year to cover the increased labor costs?

5. Refer to the original data. The company is discussing the construction of a new, automated manufacturing plant. The new plant would slash variable expenses per ball by 40.00%, but it would cause fixed expenses per year to double. If the new plant is built, what would be the company’s new CM ratio and new break-even point in balls?

6. Refer to the data in (5) above.

a. If the new plant is built, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $210,000, as last year?

b. Assume the new plant is built and that next year the company manufactures and sells 37,500 balls (the same number as sold last year). Prepare a contribution format income statement and compute the degree of operating leverage.

Problem 5-20 CVP Applications: Break-Even Analysis; Cost Structure; Target Sales [LO5-1, LO5-3, LO5-4, LO5-5, LO5-6, LO5-8]

Northwood Company manufactures basketballs. The company has a ball that sells for $34. At present, the ball is manufactured in a small plant that relies heavily on direct labor workers. Thus, variable expenses are high, totaling $24.00 per ball, of which 71% is direct labor cost.

Last year, the company sold 30,000 of these balls, with the following results:

Required:

1. Compute (a) last year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls, and (b) the degree of operating leverage at last year’s sales level.

2. Due to an increase in labor rates, the company estimates that next year's variable expenses will increase by $3.00 per ball. If this change takes place and the selling price per ball remains constant at $34.00, what will be next year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls?

3. Refer to the data in (2) above. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $90,000, as last year?

4. Refer again to the data in (2) above. The president feels that the company must raise the selling price of its basketballs. If Northwood Company wants to maintain the same CM ratio as last year (as computed in requirement 1a), what selling price per ball must it charge next year to cover the increased labor costs?

5. Refer to the original data. The company is discussing the construction of a new, automated manufacturing plant. The new plant would slash variable expenses per ball by 29.41%, but it would cause fixed expenses per year to double. If the new plant is built, what would be the company’s new CM ratio and new break-even point in balls?

6. Refer to the data in (5) above.

a. If the new plant is built, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $90,000, as last year?

b. Assume the new plant is built and that next year the company manufactures and sells 30,000 balls (the same number as sold last year). Prepare a contribution format income statement and Compute the degree of operating leverage.

Problem 6-20 CVP Applications: Break-Even Analysis; Cost Structure; Target Sales [LO6-1, LO6-3, LO6-4, LO6-5, LO6-6, LO6-8]

Northwood Company manufactures basketballs. The company has a ball that sells for $25. At present, the ball is manufactured in a small plant that relies heavily on direct labor workers. Thus, variable expenses are high, totaling $15.00 per ball, of which 60% is direct labor cost.

Last year, the company sold 30,500 of these balls, with the following results:

Required:

1. Compute (a) last year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls, and (b) the degree of operating leverage at last year’s sales level.

2. Due to an increase in labor rates, the company estimates that next year's variable expenses will increase by $3.00 per ball. If this change takes place and the selling price per ball remains constant at $25.00, what will be next year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls?

3. Refer to the data in (2) above. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $98,000, as last year?

4. Refer again to the data in (2) above. The president feels that the company must raise the selling price of its basketballs. If Northwood Company wants to maintain the same CM ratio as last year (as computed in requirement 1a), what selling price per ball must it charge next year to cover the increased labor costs?

5. Refer to the original data. The company is discussing the construction of a new, automated manufacturing plant. The new plant would slash variable expenses per ball by 40.00%, but it would cause fixed expenses per year to double. If the new plant is built, what would be the company’s new CM ratio and new break-even point in balls?

6. Refer to the data in (5) above.

a. If the new plant is built, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $98,000, as last year?

b. Assume the new plant is built and that next year the company manufactures and sells 30,500 balls (the same number as sold last year). Prepare a contribution format income statement and compute the degree of operating leverage.

Exam case study Foreign direct investment in China: A case study from the Yangtze Delta Basin The metropolis of Shanghai dominates the rich, fertile and low-lying plain south of the Yangtze River in China. Within a 150 kilometre radius are also located the major urban centres of Suzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Ningbo. Suzhou is approximately one hour by road from Shanghai and is one of the oldest cities in the Yangtze Delta Basin, with an identifiable history stretching back 2500 years. There is a traditional Chinese saying: ‘There’s paradise in heaven, but Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth’—a reference to Suzhou’s beautiful gardens and canals. In the 1980s Deng Xiaoping’s ‘open door policy’ was adopted in China and provided preferential treatment for coastal regions to develop special economic zones. These themed reforms nurtured economic change and were in line with Deng’s wishes, enabling ‘some people to get rich’ (Isaak 2000). To persuade foreign direct investment to come to Suzhou, policies for the effective leadership of development were enacted. For example, in 1998 L Government, the Jurong Township Corporation (JTC), was appointed to manage the establishment process for what was initially called the Singapore Industrial Park (SIP). Located between Shanghai and Suzhou, SIP became a flagship project for the new generation of ETDZs. The initial investment and control was 65 per cent Singaporean and 35 per cent Chinese, and a specially set up authority managed the ETDZ. It had its own customs house, and was notable for its superior infrastructure and strict environmental controls. However, the success of the Singaporean model became awkward for the Chinese and the local Suzhou municipality. They witnessed the success of the SIP, but had limited share in the wealth being generated. This prompted a flurry of activity for the emergence of another ETDZ on the other side of Suzhou, which created direct competition with the SIP. The Suzhou new district The Suzhou New District (SND) was thus built by the local municipality. SND was first established in 1992, and was considered a ‘high-tech’ ETDZ with a science and technology theme. It promoted a ‘garden-like’ atmosphere with ‘liveable surroundings’. The infrastructure in SND was developed through establishing a banking sector and a mediumrise expatriate living area. The growth of this ETDZ was credited to the development of its infrastructure services. SND established a theme park and invested in recruiting, employment and training industries. The land quality and position of SND was superior to that of the SIP and it was located right beside the city centre of Suzhou, whereas the SIP was, at this time, somewhat more remote. Despite fierce initial rivalry, both ETDZs are now successfully established and are attracting substantial FDI; the local TVEs are booming and local private business is encouraged. Considerations for FDI in the ETDZs While Jiangsu province now boasts a number of development zones, the Suzhou New District and the Suzhou Industrial Park are the main economic and technological development zones in this region. Specific regulations vary within each zone, which provide incentives for foreign direct investment. Important considerations for the ETDZs are the infrastructure (such as water plants, sewage and gas, power supply and ISDN telecommunications) and a preferential tax policy offering favourable terms to foreign investment companies. Furthermore, housing for both expatriates and workers, along with sporting, cultural, dining and shopping precincts, enhances the quality of life for residents living in the region. For example, SND provides incentives for housing local workers and SIP has a waste management plan. The administrative authorities within the zones play an integral role in the operations of the ETDZs and in the activities of enterprises within those zones. To help the facilitation of business by making it easier to obtain the permits and licences required for registration as a foreign enterprise in China, the SIP and SND both promote their ‘one-stop set-up shops’ for foreign enterprises. Promotion portraying the convenience of the residential and recreation facilities is clearly visible. When faced with the depth of regulation, language and cultural differences, and bureaucratic delays in obtaining approvals and registrations, facilities within the ETDZs assist foreign enterprises to start up their operations in China. There are also facilities to conduct major recruitment fairs on behalf of enterprises. Each year these fairs attract graduates from all over China. As part of the process, administration checks, qualification and reference checks, along with additional training, are provided, which streamlines employment for both candidates and enterprises. Cultural differences between the international and local culture prevail. SND is located close to the old city of Suzhou, whereas there is a distinctly more international flavour in the SIP, which hosts a ‘Singapore Square’ along with a tax policy favouring foreign investment. The rapid expansion in the ETDZs also has its drawbacks for foreign direct investors. The infrastructure development has not always kept up with expansion in the zones. Access to essential services, long waiting times for operational components and minimal or reduced social and cultural activities are the consequences of rapid progress. This, in turn, has produced diverse opportunities for local entrepreneurs to seize the chance to capitalise on gaps in economic development. The ETDZs are notable for their ability to assimilate supply chains quickly. Because of the large geographical area of the ETDZs, many small townships are located within them. Township enterprises have begun producing components required by the foreign direct investors. Most of these townships were communes during the Maoist area, meaning that production is still organised along these lines. In many instances, these TVEs were single-product-based and supplied Suzhou and Shanghai with farmed fish, fresh vegetables and craft items. Now, many have changed their production to manufacturing items required further along the supply chain. For example a ‘Technology Township’ in SND designs and provides research and development, then component manufacture, to supply the larger assembly plants located in the ETDZ. Therefore, a distinct logistical chain operates between the ETDZs and Shanghai, with components being manufactured in one location and assembled in another, while sales and marketing offices are situated in Shanghai. Perry and Yeoh (2000) provide a history of the China-Singapore- Suzhou Industrial Park. The authors describe the ETDZ’s success in attracting high-technology firms in the electronics, software, mobile telecommunications and pharmaceuticals sectors, although they also highlight the absence of R&D activities in some cases.

There are three main points to consider in discussion of the ETDZs located near Suzhou in Jiangsu province, China:

1 The area has been selected by China’s central government as region for major growth.

2 Multinational/international companies are established in, and are directly investing in, the region.

3 SMEs and TVEs have established supply chains to help facilitate supply and provide logistical channel support to FDI enterprises.

Global Circulation Models typically have grids of 100-300km on a side. There are obviously lots of atmospheric processes that happen at smaller scales than this. Convection, cloud formation, the effect of mountains...

How are these processes built in to the model?

AT&T is a firm that follows a strategy of related diversification. Evaluate its success (or lack thereof) with regard to how well it has (1) built on core competencies, (2) shared infrastructures, and (3) increased market power.

10. Briefly describe:

a. Anaerobic glycolysis:

b. Ketogenesis:

c. Where lipogenesis occurs:

d. How fatty acids are anabolized (built):

e. How glycerol is anabolized:

f. How triglycerides and phospholipids are anabolized: