7. The reaction in which inorganic phosphate, Pi, is released from ATP is an example of?
a. respiration
b. photosynthesis
c. oxidation
d. reduction
e. none of the above
8. The final electron acceptor for electrons passed through the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration is
a. oxygen
b. lactate
c. NAD+
d. electron transfer proteins
e. pyruvate
9. The “polar nature” of water means that:
a. sea level tends to be higher at the north and south poles.
b. as global warming occurs, the ice floating at the north pole will melt and cause
sea level to rise.
c. one end of a water molecule is partly positive and the other end is partially negative.
d. as global warming occurs, the ice on top of Antarctica will melt and cause sea
level to rise.
e. both b and d.
10. Which photosynthetic pigment(s) looses (loose) an electron directly in the light reaction?
a. NADPH
b. carotenoids
c. chlorophyll a
d. b and c
e. none of the above
11. Enzymes:
a. allow nonspontaneous reactions to occur spontaneously
b. must be resynthesized after every reaction
c. can catalyze an upper limit of around 1000 reactions per hour
d. reduce the energy of activation required for a spontaneous reaction to occur
e. function most efficiently at low temperatures.
12. O2 that is produced during photosynthesis is derived from:
a. H2O
b. CO2
c. C6H12O6
d. H2S
e. ATP
13. Sulfur contains 16 protons. How many electrons will it have in its second energy shell?
a. 2
b. 6
c 8
d 10
e 16
14. How many electrons must be added to make sulfur maximally stable?
a. 2
b. 6
c 8
d 10
e 16
15. The end product of glycolysis is:
a. acetyl CoA
b. lactate
c. Citric acid
d. pyruvate
e. ethanol.
16. Denaturation of an enzyme (a protein) by heating does which of the following?
a. renders it ineffective by changing its natural shape
b. enhances its performance
c. reduces its energy of motion
d. nothing, all remains the same
17. When carbon atoms are lost from molecules during respiration, they are given off in the form of:
a. methane gas
b. carbon dioxide
c. carbon atoms
d. pyruvic acid
e. molecular oxygen
18. In order for life to exist on earth, even today, entropy (the tendency for molecules to become disordered) must be overcome. The ultimate source of energy to keep the molecules of living things ordered, and therefore alive, comes from:
a. fossil fuels
b. heat in the earth's core
c. wind energy
d. heterotrophic organisms
e. the sun
19. 6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 is the general equation for:
a. photosynthesis
b. respiration
20. ATP is used to:
a. code messenger RNA
b. couple exergonic to endergonic reactions
c. transport phosphorus in the cell
d. lower activation energy
e. raise activation energies
21. In the visible spectrum, the light of highest energy is:
a. the light with the shortest wavelengths
b. red light
c. fluorescent light
d. both a and b
22. The most common molecules in cells are:
a. Carbohydrates
b. Water
c. Proteins
d. Lipids
e. Salts
23. The most important result of the light-independent (or Calvin Cycle) reactions is:
a. the addition of phosphate to sugar to form sugar phosphate
b. the synthesis of sugar from CO2
c. the change of chlorophyll from green to colorless
d. the transfer of electrons to glucose molecules
e. the rearrangement of sugar molecules to form O2 from H2O
24. The breakdown of large molecules by the enzymatic addition of water is an example of a(n) _____ reaction
a. oxidation
b. reduction
c. dehydration
d. hydrolysis
e. synthesis
25. Which has more energy:
a. table sugar (sucrose) with 12 carbons
b. olive oil with about 55 carbons
26. A reaction from a higher free-energy molecule to a lower free-energy molecule is:
a. exergonic
b. endergonic
c. unlikely to occur spontaneously
d. dependent on combustion to start the reaction.
27. Carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis in a plant cell can:
a. be used for respiration in the mitochondrion of the same plant cell.
b. be transported to another plant cell and used there for respiration.
c. taken up by a cow chewing on the leaf and used for its respiration.
d. taken up by a grub chewing on the plant root and used for its respiration.
e. all of the above.
28. Plants are green because
a. chlorophyll absorbs green light
b. chlorophyll does not absorb green light
c. chlorophyll reflects red and blue light
d. carotenoids absorb green light
e green light has the lowest energy
29. The art of making bread and wine is thousands of years old. What energy-releasing pathway is responsible for both these legacies of human culture.
a. aerobic respiration
b. alcoholic fermentation
c. lactate fermentation
d. glycolysis
e. none of the above
30. The emperor penguins of Antarctica live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the cold Antarctic seawaters. During their annual breeding cycle, however, they migrate across the frozen continent to their breeding grounds 50 miles away from the sea (and their source of food). For more than 2 months, the male penguins care for and incubate the eggs while the females return to the sea to feed. During this time the males can lose up to 50% of their biomass (by dry weight). Where did this biomass go?
a. The mass was released as CO2 and H2O
b. The mass was converted to energy and used up.
c. The mass was converted into ATP molecules
d. The mass was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body.
e. The mass was converted to urine and feces and eliminated from the body.
31. A potted geranium plant is kept watered in a dark closet. After a week it will weigh:
a. less because it is still respiring.
b. less because no photosynthesis is occurring.
c. more because the light independent (dark reactions) Calvin cycle continues.
d. the same because no biomass is produced.
e. more because it still has access to water and nutrients in the soil.
32. Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
a. grana
b. stroma
c. outer membrane
d. cristae
e. a and b
34. Where are the enzymes of the Krebs Cycle located?
a. cytoplasm
b. outer mitochondrial membrane
c. mitochondrial matrix
d. inner mitochondrial membrane
e. inter-membrane space of mitochondrion
35. Why must one refer to a "net gain" of 2 ATP's per molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis when 4 ATP's are actually produced?
a. in order to account for the 2 ATP's used as activation energy
b. because ATP's produced by substrate-level phosphorylation are less energized than those produced by oxidative phosphorylation
c. in order to account for the 2 NAD+s used
d. in order to account for the 2 inorganic phosphates added in the middle steps of the process
36. Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions.
a. True
b. False
41 Hydrogen bonds in water are due to an attraction between
a. a hydrogen on one water molecule and a hydrogen on a neighboring water molecule
b. a hydrogen on one water molecule and an oxygen on a neighboring water molecule
c. an oxygen on one water molecule and an oxygen on a neighboring water molecule
d. all of the above
42 Electron transfer proteins are found mainly in
a. mitochondria and chloroplasts
b. nuclei
c. cilia and flagella
d. all of the above
43 Make this a true statement: _____ undergo photosynthesis, ____ undergo respiration.
a. plants; animals
b. plants; plants
c. plants; plants and animals
d. plants and animals; plants and animals
e. all of the above
44 What ratio of C:H:O defines a carbohydrate?
a. 1:3:1
b. 1:2:1
c. 2:1:2
d. 2:2:2
Essay
1 (6 pts). What is the first law of thermodynamics and explain how it relates to the function of ecosystems on earth.
(6 pts). Describe three major differences between plant and animal cells.
In: Biology
Explain the following terms
1. Native structure
2. Allosteric enzyme
3. Transition state
4. Triacyglycerol
5. Induced fit
6. Catalytic site
In: Biology
For Enzymes: what would happen if you increase an enzyme vs increase substrate concentration ???
For photo synthesis :how are light dependent and light independent reactions related???
In: Biology
1.) Enzyme activity: energy of activation, free energy, how enzymes effect products
2.) Factors affecting activity: concentration of substrate and enzymes, pH, Temperature
In: Chemistry
At the end of replication, about 100 nucleotides remain unreplicated on the lagging daughter strand. What mechanism (and what enzyme) in eukaryotes solves the problem of shortened DNA ends?
In: Biology
Which of the following is a key control enzyme in the regulation of respiration?
a. Phosphofructokinase
b. Pyruvate Dehyrogenase
c. Citrate synthase
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
In: Biology
What if the gene encoding DNA polymerase I was mutated in a way that the enzyme is non-functional?
Would it affect the synthesis of the leading strand?
How about the lagging strand?
In: Biology
Which of the following is not an important ER-resident enzyme that modifies proteins in the secretory pathway?
A. BiP
B. Oligosaccharyl transferase
C. Sec61
D. Protein disulfide isomerase
In: Biology
Which of the following would normally alter the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate? Select all that apply.
answer choices
a.pH
b.Temperature
c.Ionic concentrations
d.Enzyme concentration
In: Biology
The ligands bound to the mammalian GDH can tell us if and how this enzyme is regulated. How is the bovine GDH regulated and which ligands are involved in each type of regulation?
In: Biology