What type of reactions breakdown complex molecules and provide energy?

Part I – Human ABO Blood Type

“But I already know all this stuff! I’ll do well on the test tomorrow, I promise,” begged Kevin. He really wanted to go out that night with his friend, but his mother had other ideas.

“No, absolutely not. You’re going to stay home and study; tomorrow’s test is very important,” his mother replied. Kevin ended up staying home that night, reluctantly.

The next day Kevin met his best friend Peter. “How’s it going?” asked Peter. “Not so good. We had a test today. I guess it went all right,” said Kevin. “How’s your stomach doing? Is it still sore?” Peter asked.

“Oh, it’s better now. You know, there’s something weird going on. Last time I was in the hospital, neither of my parents could donate blood to me. The doc said they aren’t a match for my blood type.”

“They don’t match? What do you mean?” Peter asked.

“Well, the doc said I’m type O positive, my mom is type A positive, and my dad is type B negative. We’re all different, and I don’t get it. They’re my parents—I mean, I should inherit my blood type from at least one of them, if not both, right?”

“That’s a good point,” Peter agreed. “Well, I’ve got a very cool science teacher, Ms. B. She would know better than us. Let’s ask her. She has a class tomorrow. We can meet her afterward. What do you say?”

The next day, Kevein and Peter met Ms. B. and explained Kevin’s puzzle about his family’s blood types.

“Ah, good question,” replied Ms. B. “Let me explain how blood types work so that it will help you to understand why your parents couldn’t donate blood to you and how you can all have different blood types in one and the same family.”

“The ABO blood group system is one of the most important systems that hospitals use to identify individuals for blood transfusion. ABO stands for the type of carbohydrate that sits on the surface of red blood cells; it’s this carbohydrate that allows cells to recognize themselves. They are also called surface markers. Positive (+) refers to the presence of Rhesus (Rh) factor. Some individuals lack Rh factor, and they are negative (−). Rh factor is a predominant protein surface marker on red blood cells.”

“Interesting. What is carbohydrate exactly? The stuff we eat, like bread and sugar?” Peter asked.

“Yes. Sugar is a carbohydrate and bread is made of lots of different carbohydrates. Red blood cells may have carbohydrate A on the cell surface, which results in type A blood; but if they have carbohydrate B, then they become type B blood. Some red blood cells have both carbohydrate A and B, which makes them have type AB blood. When neither carbohydrate A nor B is present on the red blood cell surface, the blood type is considered to be type O.”

That made sense to Peter, who then asked “How do red blood cells get those carbohydrates?”

“That’s a great question. The types of carbohydrate on the red blood cell surface are controlled by genes. In this case, the gene that controls carbohydrate types presented on red blood cell surface encodes enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions,” Ms. B. continued. “There are two types of such enzymes: enzyme A and enzyme

B, which deposit carbohydrate A and carbohydrate B respectively on the red blood cell surface. The three different versions of the gene are called alleles. Allele A codes for enzyme A; Allele B codes for enzyme B; Allele O doesn’t code for a functional protein.”

“Oh, then I must have O alleles since I’m type O!” Kevin was excited to figure out the alleles he had in his body.

Questions

1. What is the human ABO blood group system? What is the Rh system?
2. How are the RBC different from each type?
3. How many blood phenotypes are there in the ABO blood group system? Describe them

Prepare a statement of cash flow for the year.
should show reconstructed accounts for debtors, creditors, operating expenses and capital. (Australia environment)

                                                   30/06/13 30/06/14
bank overdraft                        10200        -----
creditors                                   54400       44200
arrcured operating expenses 3400       6800
loan                                            40000       25000
Capital                                       279100    372100
cash at bank                                 -            23000
debtors                                     34000       37600
allowances for doubtful debts 3000     3000
stock                                          51000       62000
prepaid operating expenses 5100        3000
land and buildings                  270000     300000
equipment                                40000       39000
accumulated depreciation    10000       13500
- equipment

additional information for the year end 30 June 2014:

sales - all on credit                       360000
purchase - all on credit                254000
operating expenses incurred      42500
(including bad debt$1400)
depreciation - equipment             4000
(not included in operating expenses)
proceeds from sale of equipment 1000
gain on sale of equipment            500
cash drawings                                 28000
additional capital contributed      50000

no equipment was purchased during the year.

Sandhill Co. uses the retail inventory method. The following information is available for the current year.

The approximate cost of the ending inventory by the conventional retail method is (Hint: Round intermediate calculation to 3 decimal places, e.g. 0.635 and final answer to 0 decimal places.)

Sunland Sales Company uses the retail inventory method to value its merchandise inventory. The following information is available for the current year:

If the ending inventory is to be valued at the lower-of-cost-or-market, what is the cost-to-retail ratio?

Given the following trail Balance and adjustment data for the A Ltd , Your task is prepare a work-sheet for the month of November, the first month of operations in a new fiscal year.

Completing a worksheet

Net income $3690.25

Adjustment data :

1)Painting supplies on hand, $595

2)Prepaid rent represents the first and last months rent on a new office lease singed November 1, 2018.

3)Depreciation on studio equipment is based on straight-line, five year life and a residual value of $480

4)Wages earned but un-paid amounted to 24.5 hours at $10 per hour

Ammonification is the process of:

a. oxidation of methane

b. N2 fixation

c. Nitrate reduction

d. CO2 fixation

e. Conversion of N-organic compounds to ammonia and organic acids

Does betta oxidation of fatty acids occur in every cell of the body? More specifically is it confined to the liver (as does fatty acid synthesis), or occurs in other tissues too?

For the following reaction, the products are favored at equilibrium. Classify each of the reactants and products based on their strength as Bronsted-Lowry acids or bases.

HC₉H₇O₄ + (C₂H₅)₂NH<--->(C₂H₅)₂NH₂⁺ + C₉H₇O₄^-

A mixture of AgNO3, NH4OH reacts with which of the following class of compounds to give Ag metal?

A) Alcohols B) Phenols C) Aldehydes D) Ketones E) Carboxylic acids

There are four organic acids below. Compare the acidities of four compounds and explain.

1. benzoic acid

2. 4-nitrophenol

3. 3-nitrophenol

4. 4-Methoxyphenol