3. Estimate Interval The makers of a soft drink want to identify the average age of its consumers. A sample of 61 consumers was taken. The average age in the sample was 23 years with a sample standard deviation of 5 years. Please answer the following questions: a. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the mean of the consumers’ age. b. Suppose a sample of 85 was selected (with the same mean and the sample standard deviation). Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean of the consumers’ age.

[Hint: Please see Chap008 – Slides 24-29 for formula and example. Please also see page 343-349 in the textbook.]

4. Hypothesis Testing Annual per captial consumption of milk is 21.6 gallons (Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2006). Being from the Midwest, you believe milk consumption is higher there and wish to support your opinion. A sample of 16 individuals from the Midwestern town of Webster City showed a sample mean annual consumption of 24.1 gallons with a sample standard deviation of s=4.8. a. Develop a hypothesis test that can be used to determine whether the mean annual consumption in Webster City is higher than the national mean. b. At α=0.05, test for a significant difference. What is your conclusion? Extra credit 5. A lathe is set to cut bars of steel into lengths of 9 centimeters. The lathe is considered to be in perfect adjustment if the average length of the bars it cuts is 9 centimeters. A sample of 100 bars is selected randomly and measured. It is determined that the average length of the bars in the sample is 9.085 centimeters. Suppose the population standard deviation is 0.335 centimeters. a. Formulate the hypotheses to determine whether or not the lathe is in perfect adjustment. b. Compute the test statistic. c. Using the p-value approach, what is your conclusion? Let α = .05.

There have been some very nice discussions recently centered around the question of whether gravity and the geometry and topology of the classical world we see about us, could be phenomena which emerge in the low-energy limits of a more fundamental microscopic theory.

Among these, @Tim Van Beek's reply to the question on "How the topology of space [time] arises from more fundamental notions" contains the following description of the Reeh-Schlieder theorem:

It describes "action at a distance" in a mathematically precise way. According to the Reeh-Schlieder theorem there are correlations in the vacuum state between measurements at an arbitrary distance. The point is: The proof of the Reeh-Schlieder theorem is independent of any axiom describing causality, showing that quantum entanglement effects do not violate Einstein causality, and don't depend on the precise notion of causality. Therefore a change in spacetime topology in order to explain quantum entanglement effects won't work.

which is also preceded with an appropriate note of caution, saying that the above paragraph:

... describes an aspect of axiomatic quantum field theory which may become obsolete in the future with the development of a more complete theory.

I had a bias against AQFT as being too abstract an obtuse branch of study to be of any practical use. However, in light of the possibility (recently discussed on physics.SE) that classical geometry arises due to the entanglement between the degrees of freedom of some quantum many-body system (see Swingle's paper on Entanglement Renormalization and Holography) the content of the Rees-Schilder theorem begins to seem quite profound and far-sighted.

The question therefore is: Does the Rees-Schlieder theorem provide support for the idea of building space-time from quantum entanglement? or am I jumping the gun in presuming their is some connection between what the theorem says and the work of Vidal, Evenbly, Swingle and others on "holographic entanglement"?

Which of the following characteristics makes it easier to measure the quality of a service, relative to that of a product or facilitating good?

Select one:

A. Service portions are abstract, rather than concrete

B. Service portions are transient, rather than permanent

C. Service portions are psychological, rather than physical

D. None of the above characteristics make it easier to measure service quality

Among the best-known companies that use customer satisfaction surveys to evaluate service quality in various industries is:

Select one:

A. J.D. Power and Associates

B. McDonald’s

C. American Express

D. Alaska Airlines

Service defections are important in process control for services because:

Select one:

A. No advertising is necessary to get the business of long-term customers

B. They are equally important to organizations that produce tangible outputs

C. A customer who takes their business elsewhere is analogous to a product defect

D. Long-time customers are more likely to purchase additional products

One of the most common errors when monitoring data is to gather information that has little or no probability of changing significantly from one collection period to the next.

Select one:

True

False

There are five stages of effectiveness in terms of the role their operations play in terms of strategic business objectives.

Select one:

True

False

Departments within a stage 2 organization may exhibit a stage 3 orientation, thereby upgrading the organization to a stage 3 categorization.

Select one:

True

False

The balanced scorecard approach relies not only on financial performance measures, but includes customers, internal business processes, and organizational learning and growth.

Select one:

True

False

Benchmarking is a process that helps compare a company against its competitors on a variety of relevant indicators.

Select one:

True

False

Identify 10 APA errors in this written document.

Behavior Modification: An Alternative to Drug Therapy in Treating Hyperactive Children ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to determine whether application of behavior modification methods can be an effective and safe alternative to amphetamine therapy in the treatment of hyperactive school children. Sixty elementary age school children who were identified as hyperactive were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. It was concluded that additional research is needed to determine the generalize ability of the findings to larger groups and to non-special education classes.

In recent years, the use of amphetamines in treating hperactive children, has caused much controversy and concern. According to some researchers, an estimated 400,000 hyperactive school children are presently being treated with these drugs. Much of the public’s concern has to do with the way in which children are diagnosed. Many children, for example, are being treated with amphetamines solely on the recommendations of school authoritys. Despite the fact that many teachers mistake the normal restlessness of childhood for hyperkinesis. Anohter cause for concern stems from a lack of follow-up studies on the long-term affects of amphetamines.

As an alternative to drug therapy, researchers have begun to focus on behavior modification techniques that are believed to be more safer and more effective over time (Strong, 1974). Strong (1974) conducted a two-year study with an autistic boy and found thast positive reinforcement was significantly more effective than drug therapy in reducing facial grimacing. In another study, this same researcher found token reinforcement to be more effective then medication in increasing adaptive behavior in retarded women.

Behavior modification techniques have also been studied in classroom settings. Smith (1969), for example, was able to reduce ina ppropriate classroom behavior of a ten-year old hyperactive girl by using these techniques. In another study, Nixon (1969) tested the effects of behavior modification in increasing the “on-task performance” of 24 boys who had been diagnosed as hyperactive by there teachers. In the Nixon (1969) study, their was four treatment groups which consisted of various reinforcement techniques and control. Results of a one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between the groups. Although it was reported that some
of the children in each gorup made great improvement in staying on task in learning situations. The Nixon study, however, contained possible sources of error: (1) treatment groups only contained 6 subjects each; (2) there were only 8 treatment sessions;
(3) no instruments were used to evaluate children’s performance; and (4) the children knew they were participating in a study.Widespread use of amphetamines in treating hyperactive children may be a dangerous practice. Moreover, behavior modification techniques have shown to be just as effective in reducing hperactive behavior in children in certain settings.
The sample group for this study will be selected from the population of North Side Educational Center for behaviorally disturbed, elementary-age children. Those children who were diagnosed as “hyperactive” or “hyperkinetic” by the school’s psychologist were cosnidered the population. The stratified random sampling method is to be used to insure that children ages 6 through 12 were represented in the study.

Salem is a 15-year-old male weighing 46.6 kg. He is known to have asthma and. He accidently fell down and broke his leg while playing football. For that reason he was admitted to the hospital for surgery. Since he was 6 year-old, he presented to the emergency department many times and had 4 hospital admissions for asthma, two of them were to the intensive care unit. He often required a course of oral steroids for one month every few months. However, in the last two years his asthma was well controlled on fluticasone (inhaled steroid) and salbutamol (inhaled β-adrenergic agonist) and he didn’t need any oral steroids. Also, he had not visited the emergency department or been admitted to the hospital for the last two years.

On the day of the accident, the patient had no signs or symptoms of asthma. When he and his father were asked if he had tried aspirin or NSAIDs in the past they said they were not sure. When pain control was discussed, the father wanted to avoid morphine for its addictive effects. Consequently, the doctor prescribed him ibuprofen and planned to give him the first dose in the hospital under close observation soon after the surgery.

The surgery and anaesthesia went fine. One hour later, the patient was given a tablet of ibuprofen 400 mg orally for pain control. 10 minutes after that he began to show symptoms of asthma (shortness of breath and wheezing). For that he used his salbutamol inhaler 8 times. However, his symptoms became worse over the next 20 minutes and he was not able to talk. Soon after that, the patient became cyanosed and needed oxygen by face mask. Salbutamol inhaler was repeated and Hydrocortisone 100mg IV was given. Within 20–30 minutes his condition started to improve. Salbutamol was given every 4 hours and oral Prednisolone 50 mg once daily was initiated (for 6 days). To control the pain of his surgery he was given Morphine 5mg/4h orally and was observed closely overnight for the symptoms of asthma. He was discharged after one week. That week Salem didn’t experience any further asthma symptoms and returned home on his usual inhalers.

1.       What is the most likely explanation (at the biochemical level) for Salem’s symptoms that developed after he was given the oral ibuprofen?

2.       How do you explain the successful relief of the patient’s ibuprofen-induced symptoms after he was treated with hydrocortisone and prednisolone?

3.       In this case study, β-adrenergic agonist and steroids were used to treat and/or prevent asthma symptoms. Mention the other two medication types useful in the treatment of asthma that are mentioned in eicosanoids metabolism chapter of your course. (0.5 mark for each medication type (1 mark total))

You are an Audit Senior currently planning the 30 June 20X9 audits of Comp Limited (Comp), Health Limited (Health) and News Limited (News). At recently scheduled planning meetings with Comp, Health and News, you obtain the following overview of this year’s operations for each of the three client companies:

Comp is a manufacturer of computer hardware. The old costing system that was developed in- house, could no longer keep up with the complex and detailed manufacturing costing process that provides tender/bid submission costings and the company’s comprehensive reporting requirements. As a result, Comp purchased and installed a popular off the shelf (not customized) costing system to support the highly sophisticated and cost sensitive nature of its product designs. Since this system had been utilised by many other firms in the industry, Comp has not thoroughly tested the adequacy of the features and controls inherent within the system. At the same time, the staffs are not feeling confident with the new system due to lack of training and supervision. Staff are also concerned that data might be lost when converting to the new system.

Health operates chemist shops in Perth. A large proportion of the sales transactions are conducted in cash. Health claims on having strong control policies and procedures in place to monitor the employees handling cash transactions and safeguarding the cash. However, the proper implementation of those policies had been questioned by the previous auditor. As Health is planning to expand to Mandurah and Busselton, it is applying for a bank loan to obtain additional funding for the expansion. Before approving the loan, the bank requires Health to provide them with an audited financial statement. The unaudited figures of current year suggest Health’s revenue to have increased significantly by 25 percent from last year while the gross profit appears to have increased marginally by 5 percent.

News has been in the paper manufacturing business for the last 17 years. It manufactures and distributes paper throughout the Australian continent. During the last five years, News opened four new factories in three different locations, financed mainly from bank loans. Due to rapid growth in the company, the financial director John Brown is keen to set up an internal audit department. Currently the project appears to have stalled, as some of the senior executives do not foresee the benefit of setting up such a department and are unwilling to commit any additional fund or resources on this plan. The senior executives argue that they are competent enough to monitor the internal controls of News.

Required:

Prepare a memorandum to the audit manager, outlining your risk assessments relating to Comp, Health and News. When making your risk assessments:

(a) Identify and discuss the risks that may arise from each of the above companies. In your explanation, please mention the components of the audit risk model affected.

(b) Identify how the audit plan will be affected and recommend specific audit procedures to address these risks.

Can I please get an in-depth answer to this question:

You are an Audit Senior currently planning the 30 June 20X9 audits of Comp Limited (Comp), Health Limited (Health), and News Limited (News). At recently scheduled planning meetings with Comp, Health and News, you obtain the following overview of this year’s operations for each of the three client companies: Comp is a manufacturer of computer hardware. The old costing system that was developed inhouse, could no longer keep up with the complex and detailed manufacturing costing process that provides tender/bid submission costings and the company’s comprehensive reporting requirements. As a result, Comp purchased and installed a popular off the shelf (not customized) costing system to support the highly sophisticated and cost-sensitive nature of its product designs. Since this system had been utilized by many other firms in the industry, Comp has not thoroughly tested the adequacy of the features and controls inherent within the system. At the same time, the staffs are not feeling confident with the new system due to a lack of training and supervision. Staff are also concerned that data might be lost when converting to the new system. Health operates chemist shops in Perth. A large proportion of the sales transactions are conducted in cash. Health claims on having strong control policies and procedures in place to monitor the employees handling cash transactions and safeguarding the cash. However, the proper implementation of those policies had been questioned by the previous auditor. As Health is planning to expand to Mandurah and Busselton, it is applying for a bank loan to obtain additional funding for the expansion. Before approving the loan, the bank requires Health to provide them with an audited financial statement. The unaudited figures of the current year suggest Health’s revenue to have increased significantly by 25 percent from last year while the gross profit appears to have increased marginally by 5 percent. News has been in the paper manufacturing business for the last 17 years. It manufactures and distributes paper throughout the Australian continent. During the last five years, News opened four new factories in three different locations, financed mainly from bank loans. Due to rapid growth in the company, the financial director John Brown is keen to set up an internal audit department. Currently the project appears to have stalled, as some of the senior executives do not foresee the benefit of setting up such a department and are unwilling to commit any additional fund or resources on this plan. The senior executives argue that they are competent enough to monitor the internal controls of News.

Required: Prepare a memorandum to the audit manager, outlining your risk assessments relating to Comp, Health, and News. When making your risk assessments:

(a) Identify and discuss the risks that may arise from each of the above companies. In your explanation, please mention the components of the audit risk model affected.

(b) Identify how the audit plan will be affected and recommend specific audit procedures to address these risks.

You are an Audit Senior currently planning the 30 June 20X9 audits of Comp Limited (Comp), Health Limited (Health), and News Limited (News). At recently scheduled planning meetings with Comp, Health, and News, you obtain the following overview of this year’s operations for each of the three client companies:

Comp is a manufacturer of computer hardware. The old costing system that was developed in- house, could no longer keep up with the complex and detailed manufacturing costing process that provides tender/bid submission costings and the company’s comprehensive reporting requirements. As a result, Comp purchased and installed a popular off the shelf (not customized) costing system to support the highly sophisticated and cost-sensitive nature of its product designs. Since this system had been utilized by many other firms in the industry, Comp has not thoroughly tested the adequacy of the features and controls inherent within the system. At the same time, the staff is not feeling confident with the new system due to lack of training and supervision. Staff is also concerned that data might be lost when converting to the new system.

Health operates chemist shops in Perth. A large proportion of the sales transactions are conducted in cash. Health claims on having strong control policies and procedures in place to monitor the employees handling cash transactions and safeguarding the cash. However, the proper implementation of those policies had been questioned by the previous auditor. As Health is planning to expand to Mandurah and Busselton, it is applying for a bank loan to obtain additional funding for the expansion. Before approving the loan, the bank requires Health to provide them with an audited financial statement. The unaudited figures of current year suggest Health’s revenue to have increased significantly by 25 percent from last year while the gross profit appears to have increased marginally by 5 percent.

News has been in the paper manufacturing business for the last 17 years. It manufactures and distributes paper throughout the Australian continent. During the last five years, News opened four new factories in three different locations, financed mainly from bank loans. Due to rapid growth in the company, the financial director John Brown is keen to set up an internal audit department. Currently the project appears to have stalled, as some of the senior executives do not foresee the benefit of setting up such a department and are unwilling to commit any additional fund or resources on this plan. The senior executives argue that they are competent enough to monitor the internal controls of News.

Required:

Prepare a memorandum to the audit manager, outlining your risk assessments relating to Comp, Health and News. When making your risk assessments:

(a) Identify and discuss the risks that may arise from each of the above companies. In your explanation, please mention the components of the audit risk model affected.

(b) Identify how the audit plan will be affected and recommend specific audit procedures to address these risks.

You are an Audit Senior currently planning the 30 June 20X9 audits of Comp Limited (Comp), Health Limited (Health) and News Limited (News). At recently scheduled planning meetings with Comp, Health and News, you obtain the following overview of this year’s operations for each of the three client companies:

Comp is a manufacturer of computer hardware. The old costing system that was developed in- house, could no longer keep up with the complex and detailed manufacturing costing process that provides tender/bid submission costings and the company’s comprehensive reporting requirements. As a result, Comp purchased and installed a popular off the shelf (not customized) costing system to support the highly sophisticated and cost sensitive nature of its product designs. Since this system had been utilised by many other firms in the industry, Comp has not thoroughly tested the adequacy of the features and controls inherent within the system. At the same time, the staffs are not feeling confident with the new system due to lack of training and supervision. Staff are also concerned that data might be lost when converting to the new system.

Health operates chemist shops in Perth. A large proportion of the sales transactions are conducted in cash. Health claims on having strong control policies and procedures in place to monitor the employees handling cash transactions and safeguarding the cash. However, the proper implementation of those policies had been questioned by the previous auditor. As Health is planning to expand to Mandurah and Busselton, it is applying for a bank loan to obtain additional funding for the expansion. Before approving the loan, the bank requires Health to provide them with an audited financial statement. The unaudited figures of current year suggest Health’s revenue to have increased significantly by 25 percent from last year while the gross profit appears to have increased marginally by 5 percent.

News has been in the paper manufacturing business for the last 17 years. It manufactures and distributes paper throughout the Australian continent. During the last five years, News opened four new factories in three different locations, financed mainly from bank loans. Due to rapid growth in the company, the financial director John Brown is keen to set up an internal audit department. Currently the project appears to have stalled, as some of the senior executives do not foresee the benefit of setting up such a department and are unwilling to commit any additional fund or resources on this plan. The senior executives argue that they are competent enough to monitor the internal controls of News.

Required:

Prepare a memorandum to the audit manager, outlining your risk assessments relating to Comp, Health and News. When making your risk assessments:

(a) Identify and discuss the risks that may arise from each of the above companies. In your explanation, please mention the components of the audit risk model affected.

(b) Identify how the audit plan will be affected and recommend specific audit procedures to address these risks.