The following information is taken from the records of XYZ Company Calculate the gross profit margin and net profit margin using the above data, and comment on the trend you observe. COGS are $189 million in 2013 and 93 million in 2012 and 66 million in 2011 and 65 million in 2010 and 50 million in 2009 gross profit is 63 million in 2013 and 48 million in 2012 and 54 million in 2011 and 60 million in 2010 and 50 million in 2009. and net profit is :12 million in 2013 and 5 million in 2012 and 15 million in 2011 and 20 million in 2010 and 15 million in 2009

1. What is rational choice, and which perspective of IPE does it support?
2. In what way do both the provision of public goods and prisoners' dilemma demonstrate "collective action problems"?
3. Who is Adam Smith? What was Adam Smith’s idea of international Trade?
4. When did Neoliberalism emerge, and why? How did it differ from the liberalism of Adam Smith?
5. Who is John Maynard Keynes?
6. What are the similarities and differences among orthodox, interventionist, and institutional liberals?

1. The four primary phases of a project are

a. Concept, development, implementation, & close-out

b. Concept, exploration, design, & implementation

c. Concept, elaboration, implementation, & post-mortem

d. Concept, development, design & close-out

e. None of the above

2. MacKay was a strong supporter of the notion of the Wisdom of crowds.

True

False

3. A decision market (from the Wisdom of Crowds) is an elegant and well-designed method for capturing the collective wisdom.

True

False

Do characteristics of identity play a role in how successful/unsuccessful, accepted/rejected leadership ACTIONS are, within a situational context? Might a theory of adaptive leadership be tied more to participant perceptions of action? Is this a conversation of a more collective/inclusive course-of-action analysis based on how leadership presents itself in context? In lay-terms, is adaptive leadership a theory that says, leadership makes decision in a way that recognizes participant perceptions of leadership based on intersections of identity and the workplace?

What Roles Introversion and Extraversion play on Marital Bliss? (Research Question). Why is it important? What should the introduction and literature review address with this topic? As well as, showing background on what is known about this topic.

The variables introversion and extraversion are known to have varying effects on individuals lives and collective lives and on the levels of happiness. The aim is to measure the synergistic affect between the two and the happiness index as a result (hypothesis). How does research support or not support the hypothesis.

    2. Case Background Introduction:

    The project company is ValueVehicle (VV), which is a hypothetical electrical vehicle manufacturer. VV is a public listed company and is required to comply with all regulations from SEC and GAAP. Your group is the accounting department, and you are responsible for disclosing financial information to the SEC and the public.

    (1) Company necessary financial information

VV (formerly ValueVehicle, Inc.) is an American electric vehicle and clean energy company based in Fayetteville, North Carolina. VV's current products include electric cars (the Model 100, Model 101, and Model 102). VV was founded in July 2008. After 12 years in the market, VV earned its fame as the electric passenger car manufacturer, with a market share of 14% of the plug-in segment and 21% of the battery-electric part.

VV started its IPO in 2012 and became a public company, and it has 2 million outstanding shares. The stock market price is $100 per share on December 1, 2020. The primary financial statues (on December 1, 2020) are illustrated as follows:  

Total assets: $2 billion. Current assets: $50 million (including finished products inventory $30 million). Long-term liability: $50 million.  Current liability: $10 million. Common stock: $10 million (VV has no dilutive shares, bonds, or preferred shares).

The profit goal in 2020 is to earn $10 million net income, which also means that the targeted EPS is $5 per share. By November 30, 2020, VV has achieved $8 million net income (after tax and interest). To achieve the targeted goal, VV needs to have $2 million net income (after tax and interest, the income tax rate is 21%) in December 2020. The transactions of this month are illustrated as follows. Your team is required to record these transactions based on your professional judgment.

   (2) Please recognize the following detailed transactions and complete the journal entries. You need to make the necessary argument if the journal entries have several options.

   A. From December 1 through December 20, VV has had 1.2 million dollars transactions with a gross margin of 40%.

   B. Dealer X planned to sign a $1 million sales contract with VV in February 2021 (the gross margin is projected as 40% based on the current product information). Recently, dealer X discussed an alternative that they can sign the contract before December 31, 2020. The condition is that VV can offer a 20% discount on the sales price. VV can choose to provide the discount in December 2020, reject this contract, and wait for the deal in February 2021.

   C. Dealer Y proposed to sign a $1 million sales contract with VV before December 31, 2020, with two conditions: (1) Dealer Y can return the cars unconditionally if they cannot sell the cars before June 2021. (2) VV needs to offer a 10% discount on the sales price. The gross margin is projected as 40% based on the current product price (without the 10% discount). There is no publicly available information about how many cars Dealer Y can sell by June 2021. The representative of dealer Y predicts 10% of the cars cannot be sold by June 2021. VV can choose to offer the contract or reject this deal.

   D. On December 1, 2020, the accounting department receives the latest report from the Pilot Automation System department. The report claims that a new wireless operating system had achieved technological feasibility. VV has spent $800,000 on this system in 2020. The technological feasibility judgment is based on the company's own engineer expert group. There is no official technical criterion currently available for technological feasibility. The original goal for this Pilot Automation System is a patent, but the management now considering this system as internally developed software. VV spends $300,000 this month after passing the technological feasibility. Based on this condition, you are required to judge whether this system is a patent or software and decide to capitalize the $300,000 (the capitalization can be amortized within ten years) or record as an R&D expense.

   E. On December 10, you checked and found that VV had four debt investments in the market. The category and the fair value are listed as follows:

Company  Amount  MarketingValue (12/10/20)  Category     MaturityDate

AA       $1 million   $1.2 million        Held-to-maturity    June 2022

BB       $1 million   $1.3 million        Held-to-maturity    June 2022

CC       $1 million   $0.8 million        Trading security     July 2022

DD     $1 million   $0.9 million   Available-for-sale security  May 2022

  The CEO suggests re-categorize these investments and recognize some of the gains and losses. Please claim your decisions and explain the reasons for your argument.    

   F. VV bought $20 million in equity securities from JJ Company. The investment is 19% of the voting common stock of JJ Company, but the CFO is selected from VV. VV has some impacts on JJ Company’s decision-making. VV uses an equity approach to record this investment. The balance of the JJ investment in December 2020 is $20 million. Some managers argue that the impact is not significant and want to change the accounting approach to use fair value and recognize the investment gains. JJ Company has zero net income in 2020, but JJ’s stock price has increased to $21.4 million. Do you agree with the change and recognize the $1.4 million gains? Please clarify your reasons for your judgment.  

   G. On December 22, the accounting team is required to make a financing decision for the 2021 annual budget. VV has a $5 million budget shortage that needs financing. You have three options available for the demanding $5 million. First, VV can borrow the money from a local bank with a 12% annual interest. Second, sell $5 million treasury stocks. Third, initiate $5 million non-participatory preferred stocks with a 12% dividend ratio. Please select one option and clarify your reasons.

   H. VV decides to initiate a one million dollars stock-based compensatory plan for the C-level managers. Your team is required to make a selection from two alternatives: the first is to use compensatory stock options; the second is to use a restricted stock plan. What is your preference, and explain why you choose your selection?

    I. The administrative and selling expense in December 2020 is $300,000. Please include the eight businesses above and compute your net income and EPS. Remember to pay income tax for December income (tax rate is 21%).  

J. If your net income from the computation above is less than $2 million, you cannot meet the market expectation. You are required to explore possible solutions to help achieve this goal. Please propose one potential accounting-related business activity to meet your goal. The proposed solution needs to comply with the official regulations from GAAP, SEC, etc. Please explain your proposed transaction and present the journal entry for your transaction.

Here is a hinted example. One financial consultant advises you to sell one building to your business partners. Then you can lease back to use the following three years. The building's original value is $3 million, and the current value is $2 million (the depreciation is $1 million). The fair value of the fixed assets is $2.9 million. The lease can be operating lease for three years, and each year from 2021 is $0.3 million. The sale can add $0.9 million gains for 2020 annual net income. The journal entry is:      

            Dr: Sales                    2.9 m

              Accumulated depreciation      1 m

                  Cr: Fixed asset-building        3 m

                   Gains of fixed asset sales      0.9m  

Based on your study of Instability of Investment, briefly explain the below with giving example:
1- Variability of expectations
2- Durability
3- Irregularity of innovation
4- Variability of profit