In the intestine, bile acids binding to the FXR increase expression of target genes while in the liver target gene expression is decreased. Describe the basis for these effects.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Identify the locations and primary secretions involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Compare and contrast absorption of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic nutrients
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that occurs in the _______________ of mitochondria. It requires an electron-transport chain that operates on the high-energy electrons taken from the activated carrier molecules+ _____________ and _______________ that are produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. These electrons are transferred through a series of molecules, and the energy released during these transfers is used to generate a gradient of _____________. Since their concentration is much __________________ outside than inside the mitochondria, the flow of __________________ down the concentration gradient is energetically very __________________ and can thus be coupled to the production of _______ from ______. Thus, oxidative phosphorylation refers to the oxidation of __________________ and __________________ molecules and the phosphorylation of __________________. Without this process, the yield of ATP from each glucose molecule would be __________________ decreased.
Word Bank:
ADP
GTP
cytosol
higher
FADH2
lower
GDP
moderately
NAD+
Pi
severely favorable
unfavorable
ATP
electrons
matrix
slightly
H+
inner membrane
NADH + H+
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The classical point of view is that, during mitochondrial
respiration, three ATP molecules can be generated from one molecule
of NADH + H+ and only two from FADH2. When factoring in the
cytosolic NADH + H+, the maximum number of molecules of ATP per
glucose generated by the electron transport system is _____.
a) 2 b) 4 c) 36 d) 38
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In step 1 of the Krebs cycle is the condensation of a C2 subunit (from acetyl-S-CoA) and oxaloacetate, a C4 dicarboxylic acid to form citric acid, a C6 tricarboxylic acid (hence the alternative names citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle).
a) To regenerate the C4 oxaloacetate, there are two CO2
molecules where did those two carbons go?
b) What is the importance of the release of these carbons?
c) How did Sir Hans Krebs that the interconversions among tri- and
dicarboxylic acids are a cyclic pathway?
d) What type of inhibitor is malonate and what step does it block in the Krebs cycle?
In: Nursing
Describe how allosteric regulators may inhibit or stimulate the activity of an enzyme and how this can be used by the cell to regulate metabolic pathways. (in paragraphs)
In: Biology
What are the key differences between the Michaelis-Menten model that describes enzyme kinetics and the Monod model that describes whole-cell or community kinetics?
In: Biology
How is hexokinase regulated within its metabolic pathway (e.g. allosteric, enzyme cascades, protein modification, inhibitor, compartmentalization, etc)? Explain.
In: Biology
Compare the proofreading mechanisms of DNA and RNA polymerase.
Specifically,
which active site is required for proofreading by each enzyme and
what are the products of
this activity?
In: Biology
Examine the structure and mechanism of Lysozyme. If the glutamate and aspartate residues were reversed, would you expect the enzyme to still be active? Why or why not?
In: Biology
Why are substrate analogs used to monitor enzyme activity?
Can you please explain how this works and what the advantages are? Thank you!
In: Chemistry
hello I need a gene that produces an enzyme that can be easily assayed for activity.
please give me at least three choices
thanks
In: Biology