Explain the effects of each of the following on the rates of gluconeogenesis and/or glycolysis.

A. Increasing the concentration of blood glucose.

B. Increasing the concentration of glucose-6-phosphate.

C. Increasing the concentration of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

D. Increasing the levels of ATP.

E. Increasing the concentration of AMP.

F. Decreasing the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

G. Increasing the concentration of acetyl CoA

H. Increasing the concentration of citrate.

1. Without or under limited oxygen, respiration switches to fermentation. In humans this process breaks down glucose to yield

A) 2 ethanol, 2 ATP

B) 2 lactate, 2 ATP

C) 2 ethanol, 29 ATP

D) 2 lactate, 29 ATP

2. Rubisco is

A) the enzyme that fixes CO₂ to RuBP

B) a slow enzyme

C) an enzyme that can catalyze two different reactions

D)  All of the above

3. Photosynthesis consists of which two set of reactions that are linked by redox reactions to generate chemical energy

A) light capturing reactions and splitting water  

B) light capturing reactions and chemiosmosis

C) light capturing reactions and Kelvin cycle

D) light capturing reactions and oxidative phosphorylation

4. The M-phase of a somatic cell consists of

A) DNA replications, mitosis

B) meiosis, cytokinesis

C) mitosis, cytokinesis

D) DNA replication, meiosis

You have been asked to clone the first enzyme of the leucine biosynthesis pathway from E. coli. To accomplish this objective, you have decided to purify the genomic DNA and treat with EcoRI (5’-G?AATTC-3’) restriction endonuclease. The genome size for E. coli is 6x106 bp (base pairs). After treatment with EcoRI with proper reaction conditions, you have found that the DNA was not digested by the restriction endonuclease EcoR1. However, when the same purified genomic DNA was treated with another restriction endonuclease BalI (5’-TGG?CCA-3’), the DNA was completely digested. The commercially purchased control E. coli DNA showed complete digestion under similar reaction conditions confirming that the EcoRI enzyme is functional and that the E. coli chromosome has multiple EcoRI restriction sites. What is the most probable cause for the E. coli DNA was not be digested by the EcoRI enzyme?

Use the description below and the ‘Antioxidant enzyme dataset’ to answer question(s) Understanding oxidative stress requires that we understand what triggers the production of antioxidant enzymes within a cell. Studies have shown that yeast cells with high levels of one antioxidant enzyme tend to also have high levels of other antioxidant enzymes. A team of Russian scientists wondered if the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) could trigger the production of catalase. To investigate this, the researchers created a gradient of SOD activity levels by exposing yeast cells to different amounts of an inhibitor of SOD. Thus, some yeast suspensions had higher SOD activity levels than others. After culturing the yeast in YPD media for an hour, the researchers measured catalase activity (U/mg protein) and SOD activity (U/mg protein) in the various yeast suspensions.

What is a reasonable hypothesis for this study?

What is logical prediction, given the study design and hypothesis you developed?

Enzyme X is a highly pigmented protein that imparts the characteristic color to certain blue-green algae. It also facilitates a reaction necessary to the survival of this species; we can follow the kinetics of this reaction by measuring the conversion of Substance X to Substance Y at various times during purification.

Given a pure preparation of these algae, and the required supplies and equipment, devise and outline an empirical procedure for purifying Enzyme X.

What is a good indication of purity in your preparation?

The outline of steps to purify Enzyme X should include detail of what the technique is, why that technique is needed, and what the result will be. The reader needs to have enough information so as to be able to do the experiment. Treat the assignment as one that demonstrates your knowledge of biochemical techniques in protein purification.

As for the length of this assignment, you are describing a protocol; therefore, you need to provide the necessary information for the reader to be able to know how, why, and what, as well as the potential outcomes of the steps and the end result.

Using biochemistry concepts and connections by Appling answer the following:

Answer 1 or 2

1. Several of the pathways in this module contain examples of enzymes with opposite function controlled through reciprocal allosteric regulation. Pick an example from one of the pathways studied (pentose phosphate pathway, glycolytic pathway) and describe how a specific allosteric effector affects two different enzymes in an opposing manner. Your answer should also include an explanation of why this reciprocal regulation is important for the control of both pathways.

2. Pick one enzyme that is regulated by both an allosteric effector and covalent modification. The effect of the two regulators can be the same or different (for example, both can activate/inhibit the enzyme or one can activate while the other inhibits). Explain the conditions that lead to each type of regulation, how the effect of each makes metabolic sense in the context of the larger pathway, and why both types of regulation are needed for this particular enzyme.

EDITED

A proton can accept an electron pair. This illustrates which definition of acids and bases? Amphoteric, Bronsted-Lowry, Arrhenius, or Lewis

1. Explain how each of the coenzyme forms of riboflavin, FAD and FMN, contribute to ATP production during the oxidation of fatty acids.

differentiate between types of fatty acids according to chain length,saturation,location of double bond, and whether they are essential or nonessential

Propose a buffer system using ascorbic acid. Explain how this solution can protect against acids and bases, specifically.