What charge does a protonated amino group have? Deprotonated?

What charge does a protonated carboxylic acid have? Deprotonated?

Draw the different structures of Ala, Arg, and Cys at pH = 1, 6, 10, 14. Calculate the pI of each amino acid.

Briefly describe how tests detecting amino acid catabolizing enzymes, and fermentation tests can be used to identify microorganisms in the laboratory.

1. Describe the differences in transduction for steroid versus amino acid and peptide hormones. Describe at least one second messenger pathway in detail.

Bacteria A is processing 2 molecules of glucose through cellular respiration and Bacteria B is processing 50 molecules of glucose through glycolysis/fermentation. Outline the steps in each pathway by listing the Pathway Step, the reactant(s), and product(s). Be sure to include electron carriers, ATP made at each step and the final electron acceptor.

**Botany Related Question**

What happens during the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

What roles do water, light, carbon dioxide, and chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

How does glycolysis contribute toward aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation?

How do temperature, water, and oxygen affect respiration?

Explain cellular respiration as if you were talking to a 5th grader - that means that you need to define ALL biology vocabulary that you use. Be creative in your explanation, WHICH MUST INCUDE:

• Three stages: Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation and Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
• Draw a picture to support your explanation

Which of the following statements is true?

a. Due to the strength of covalent bonds, the tertiary structures of most proteins are stabilized by one or more disulfide bridges.

b. Salt bridging interactions usually provide the greatest degree of stabilization of the native conformation of the protein when they are located on surfaces exposed to water.

c. Ramachandran plots are used in determining the hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains in a protein.

d. Detergents cause the denaturation of proteins primarily via disruption of hydrophobic interactions between amino acid side chains.

e. All of the above statements are true.

1) If the pI for a particular amino acid is 7.5, at which pH will the net charge on the molecule be zero?

2) Calculate the pH of 0.00756 M HNO₃.

3) The isoelectric point of an amino acid is defined as:

a. the pH at which it exists in the basic form

b. the pH equals the pKa

c. the pH at which it exists in the acidic form

d. the pH at which the amino acid exits in the zwitterion form

4) Given the following reaction, the equilibrium expression will be:
4 CuO (s) + CH₄ (g) ↔ CO₂ (g) + 4 Cu (s) + 2 H₂O (g)

a. [Cu]⁴/[CuO]⁴

b. [CuO]⁴/[Cu]⁴

c. [CO₂][H₂O]²/[CH₄]

d. [CuO]/[Cu]

The following reaction is exothermic. Which of the following will drive the reaction to the right (towards products)?
CH₄ (g) + 2 O₂ (g) ↔ CO₂ (g) + 2 H₂O (g)

a. An increase in temperature

b. A decrease in temperature

c. The addition of CO₂

d. The removal of CH₄