MICROBIOLOGY

Describe a mutualistic relationship between a eukaryotic host and a prokaryotic symbiont in detail. Explain what benefit each organism gets from the association? In the context of evolution by natural selection, do you think these relationships are likely to strengthen or weaken over time? Justify your answer

Individual & others. Is the self-pleasure or self-preservation of the individual ever in conflict with the same type of interests of others? Provide detail explanation of your view, including examples and quotes

Explain the three major aspects of Kant’s duty ethics. What are the major shortcomings of his ethical theory?

Section 1:

Identify and explain a product that you will manufacture.

Calculate the cost to manufacture this product on a per unit basis considering the cost factors of material, labour and manufacturing overhead. This calculation will form the basis of the cost of goods sold.

Determine the expected selling price of this product based on market research or based on a required gross profit.

Determine the amount of operating expenses, and selling and administrative expenses that will be required each month to operate the business. (These expenses could all be considered cash basis).

Section 2:

Based on the information developed in Section 1 prepare a Sales Budget differentiating between cash and credit sales for each month of operations starting in January, the first month of operation, to the end of the first quarter ended March 31, 2016. You should state the collection period for the credit sales. (Usually net 30 days)

Based on the forecasted sales budget, prepare an Inventory Purchases Budget for each monthly period and set a target for the ending inventory at each month end. You should state the payment period that is expected. Prepare a Cash Budget for each month based on the Sales and Inventory Budgets and the estimated operating expenses each month.

What is the incentive of spending several years and thousands of dollars to earn a college degree? (1 pt.)

In attempt to reduce the use of fossil fuels, the government is encouraging individuals and businesses to use solar panels. However, the installation of solar panels can be extremely expensive for most people. What can the government do to encourage more people to install the solar panels? (1 pt.)

Suppose you decide to go to a Bruins hockey game instead of studying for your economics exam. Because of this, you only scored a 76% on the exam. If you had stayed home to study, you would have earned an 84%. (2 pts.)
What is your opportunity cost of going to the game?

In your opinion, was the benefit of going to the game greater than the cost? Briefly explain your answer.

For each of the following statements, identify if it’s a positive or normative statement. (4 pts.)
If more people choose to earn a higher degree, the nation’s productivity will increase.

The government should supply more subsidies or scholarships for more people to go to college.

Going to college is the wisest choice anyone could make.

Unemployment will fall if more people attend college.

Briefly explain why economists disagree on what policy to implement. (1 pt.)

List 5 of the economic principals discussed in class. For each, provide an example of when the use of that principal affected your life. (5 pts.)

Name two factors that can contribute to the growth of an economy. (1 pt.)

When can an economy increase the production of one good without reducing the output of another? (1 pt.)

Name a benefit of trade. (1 pt.)

Suppose Country A and Country B currently have identical production possibilities frontier (PPF). However, Country A is producing more capital goods than consumption goods compared to Country B. Which country will have a larger PPF in the future, ceteris paribus? Briefly explain your answer. (2 pts.)

Camp Green Lake can use its resources to produce shovels or hi-tech metal detectors. They use all of their resources to produce either 250 shovels, 175 hi-tech metal detectors, or a combination of both shovels and hi-tech metal detectors. Currently, Camp Green Lake is producing 205 shovels and 55 metal detectors. (7 pts.)
Draw the production possibilities frontier for Camp Green Lake. Label anything that requires a label, identify the intercepts for the X- and Y-axes, and identify the Camp’s currently level of production.

The Lake is debating about cutting back its production of shovels to 198 while maintaining the current level of production for hi-tech metal detectors. Is this a wise idea? Briefly explain your answer.

If the Camp wants to increase its production of shovels to 210, it will have to cut its production of hi-tech metal detectors back to 40. Calculate the opportunity cost of producing one extra shovel. Show your work.

If the Camp wants to increase its production of hi-tech metal detectors to 75, it will have to cut its production of shovels back to 200. Calculate the opportunity cost of producing one extra metal detector. Show your work.

Suppose Camp Green Lake bought a new machine that produces more hi-tech metal detectors in a day than their previous machine. Using the graph above, illustrate how this will affect their production possibilities frontier.

Ohio and Indiana can produce corn and wheat. The following table shows the maximum each state can produce if they use all of their resources towards that crop. Assume each state has a constant opportunity cost for both crops. (9 pts.)

Crop   Maximum Ohio can Produce   Maximum Indiana can Produce
Corn   255 bushels   200 bushels
Wheat   440 bushels   280 bushels

Which state has an absolute advantage of producing corn?

Which state has an absolute advantage of producing wheat?

Calculate Ohio’s opportunity cost of producing one more bushel of corn. Show your work.

Calculate Indiana’s opportunity cost of producing one more bushel of corn. Show your work.

Which state has a comparative advantage of producing corn?

Calculate Ohio’s opportunity cost of producing one more bushel of wheat. Show your work.

Calculate Indiana’s opportunity cost of producing one more bushel of wheat. Show your work.

Which state has a comparative advantage of producing wheat?

Which crop should each state specialize in producing to maximize benefits from trading?

Let x be a random variable that represents red blood cell count (RBC) in millions of cells per cubic millimeter of whole blood. Then x has a distribution that is approximately normal. For the population of healthy female adults, suppose the mean of the x distribution is about 4.64. Suppose that a female patient has taken six laboratory blood tests over the past several months and that the RBC count data sent to the patient's doctor are as follows.

(i) Use a calculator with sample mean and standard deviation keys to find x and s. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)

(ii) Do the given data indicate that the population mean RBC count for this patient is lower than 4.64? Use α = 0.05.

(a) What is the level of significance?


State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H₀: μ = 4.64; H₁: μ > 4.64

H₀: μ = 4.64; H₁: μ < 4.64

H₀: μ > 4.64; H₁: μ = 4.64

H₀: μ < 4.64; H₁: μ = 4.64

H₀: μ = 4.64; H₁: μ ≠ 4.64

(b) What sampling distribution will you use? Explain the rationale for your choice of sampling distribution.

The standard normal, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is known.

The standard normal, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is unknown.    

The Student's t, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is unknown.

The Student's t, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is known.

What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to three decimal places.)


(c) Find the P-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to the P-value.

(d) Based on your answers in parts (a) to (c), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Are the data statistically significant at level α?

At the α = 0.05 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.

At the α = 0.05 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.    

At the α = 0.05 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.

At the α = 0.05 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.

(e) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application.

There is sufficient evidence at the 0.05 level to conclude that the population mean RBC count for the patient is lower than 4.64.

There is insufficient evidence at the 0.05 level to conclude that the population mean RBC count for the patient is lower than 4.64.    

Let x be a random variable that represents red blood cell count (RBC) in millions of cells per cubic millimeter of whole blood. Then x has a distribution that is approximately normal. For the population of healthy female adults, suppose the mean of the x distribution is about 4.64. Suppose that a female patient has taken six laboratory blood tests over the past several months and that the RBC count data sent to the patient's doctor are as follows.

(i) Use a calculator with sample mean and standard deviation keys to find x and s. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)

(ii) Do the given data indicate that the population mean RBC count for this patient is lower than 4.64? Use α = 0.05.

(a) What is the level of significance?


State the null and alternate hypotheses.

H₀: μ = 4.64; H₁: μ > 4.64

H₀: μ = 4.64; H₁: μ < 4.64

H₀: μ > 4.64; H₁: μ = 4.64

H₀: μ < 4.64; H₁: μ = 4.64

H₀: μ = 4.64; H₁: μ ≠ 4.64

(b) What sampling distribution will you use? Explain the rationale for your choice of sampling distribution.

The standard normal, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is known.

The standard normal, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is unknown.    

The Student's t, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is unknown.

The Student's t, since we assume that x has a normal distribution and σ is known.

What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to three decimal places.)


(c) Find the P-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)


Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to the P-value.

(d) Based on your answers in parts (a) to (c), will you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Are the data statistically significant at level α?

At the α = 0.05 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.

At the α = 0.05 level, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.    

At the α = 0.05 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are statistically significant.

At the α = 0.05 level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude the data are not statistically significant.

(e) Interpret your conclusion in the context of the application.

There is sufficient evidence at the 0.05 level to conclude that the population mean RBC count for the patient is lower than 4.64.

There is insufficient evidence at the 0.05 level to conclude that the population mean RBC count for the patient is lower than 4.64.    

The rise in the use of renewable fuels like ethanol had substantial impacts on states like North Dakota. The potential for these fuels is irrefutable. However, investment in renewables carries substantial business risk when federal mandates are not sufficient to mitigate risk. Imagine you are a member of the North Dakota State Legislator. You are faced with the choice of whether or not subsidies should be implemented across ND or not.

A. Explain how DuPont Analysis should be used to access farm performance in this case.

B. Create a mathematical framework that demonstrates how a subsidy which decreases the business risk may increase financial risk. ( Use the risk balancing hypothesis.)

C. Based on your analysis from part A and B what is your recommendation to the state?

a PowerPoint-style presentation with a pitch script in the Notes section outlining your pitch for the use of design thinking to solve a problem. Be sure to include the following, with any other relevant information that you think is essential to an effective pitch:

Identify the potential customers or end-users that would be positively affected if the organization adopted the more formal design thinking process.

Explain whether design thinking could be effectively integrated into the organization, and why?

How would you convince stakeholders within the organization of its value?

Be sure to draw on the articles by Brown (2008) and Brown and Anthony (2011) from this week’s Resources to support your conclusions.

a PowerPoint-style presentation with a pitch script in the Notes section outlining your pitch for the use of design thinking to solve a problem. Be sure to include the following, with any other relevant information that you think is essential to an effective pitch:

Identify the potential customers or end-users that would be positively affected if the organization adopted the more formal design thinking process.

Explain whether design thinking could be effectively integrated into the organization, and why?

How would you convince stakeholders within the organization of its value?

Be sure to draw on the articles by Brown (2008) and Brown and Anthony (2011) from this week’s Resources to support your conclusions.

1. Why do ions have a difficult time getting through plasma membranes despite their small size? How are ions transported through biological membranes?
   
2. Where does the cell get energy for active transport processes?
   
3. Describe the position of the transition state on a vertical energy scale, from low to high, relative to the position of the reactants and products, for both endergonic and exergonic reactions. How do enzymes affect the energy of the reactants, product, and transition state.
   
4. Do you think that the E_A for ATP hydrolysis is relatively low or high? Explain your reasoning.

5. Explain in your own words the difference between a spontaneous reaction and one that occurs instantaneously, and what causes this difference.

6. Nearly all organisms on Earth carry out some form of glycolysis. How does this fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?

7. What is the primary goal of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (think about what is being produced and what it is used for)?
   
8. Why is it important to have regulatory control over metabolic pathways like glycolysis?

DO NOT HANDWARITE PLEASE

DO NOT HANDWARITE PLEASE

1. Immediately after a ban on using hand-held cell phones while driving was implemented, compliance with the law was measured. A random sample of 1,250 drivers found that 98.9% were in compliance. A year after the implementation, compliance was again measured to see if compliance was the same (or not) as previously measured. A different random sample of 1,100 drivers found 96.9% compliance.

1. State an appropriate null and alternative hypothesis for testing whether or not there is any statistical difference (i.e., a two-sided test) in these two proportions measured initially and then one year later. Conduct the test of hypothesis using a significance level of α= 0.05.USE R FOR THE TEST STATISTIC. Be sure to check the assumptions and conditions for your test. State the P-value of your test and also state your conclusion. (Feel free to use R in showing your work - and show your commands and output if using R.)
2. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the true difference in proportions between the first survey and the second survey and explain what this confidence interval means in context of this problem. (Feel free to use R in showing your work - and show your commands and output if using R.