Describe how glucose-6-phosphate formed by glycogen breakdown in the liver converts to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase and how the newly formed glucose leaves the liver cells. Describe why this process allows for separation from glycolysis.
In: Biology
3-carbon-atom (3C) molecule produced in glycolysis is called ______________Inside a eukaryotic cell, this molecule moves from ________________ to _______________ and is oxidized into _______________ . If oxygen is not present, it gets reduced into ______________ (in yeast) or ______________________ (in our muscle cells). Production of ATP in the absence of O2 is called _______________________ .
In: Biology
As discussed in the introductory text, archaeans do NOT appear to use the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (glycolytic) pathway. Instead, they use alternate pathways to metabolize sugars. What is the function of this pathway in organisms that do use it?
Choose the best answer
| Glucose is used to synthesize two molecules of pyruvate with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 CO2. |
| Glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (regenerated to NAD+ to maintain redox balance in the third stage of glycolysis) |
| Glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvate, and then fermentation is always used to produce ethanol and CO2. |
| Glucose is use to synthesize starch or glycogen with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH (regenerated to NAD+ to maintain redox balance in the third stage of glycolysis) |
In: Chemistry
In: Biology
Explain the inductive affect in acids and bases
In: Chemistry
Indicate which of the following statements are true regarding fats.
Question options: (all that apply)
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In a fat the three carboxylic acid moieties have to be identical. |
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A fat containing unsaturated fatty acids will have a lower melting point, and will usually be an oil. |
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A triglyceride can be either solid or liquid. |
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A fat is a triglyceride, which is a triester of glycerol with three carboxylic acids. |
In: Chemistry
1. List the major nomenclature rules for carboxylic acids, give an example (draw structure and give name)
2. Explain the two major influences on the acidity of the O-H bond in carboxylic acids
3. Describe specific reagents used to oxidize and reduce aldehydes and ketones, provide an example of each (4 total)
4. Draw the mechanism for the Grignard reaction
In: Chemistry
During replication of the viral genome, distinct classes of nucleic acids are produced that are different than those normally present in an uninfected cell. Many of these are recognized as PAMPs. What are the unique features of foreign nucleic acids that are recognized by innate receptors? Identify and describe one of these receptors, its cognate nucleic acid ligand, and the general mechanism by which it alters gene expression.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
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a. |
Are found on the plasma membrane. |
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b. |
Are ion channels. |
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c. |
Dimerize when binding to their signaling molecule. |
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d. |
Are transmembrane proteins. |
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e. |
Contain a protein kinase domain. |
2. During protein synthesis, a protein is made in which direction?
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a. |
From the 2' end to the 3' end. |
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b. |
From the 3' end to the 2' end. |
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c. |
From the 2' end to the 3' end and from the 3' end to the 5' end. |
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d. |
From the amino-terminal end to the carboxyl-terminal end. |
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e. |
From the carboxyl-terminal end to the amino-terminal end |
3. What type of molecule is ATCAGCTAG?
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Protein. |
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Phospholipid. |
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DNA. |
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RNA. |
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Glucose. |
4. In the lytic cycle:
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a. |
A bacteriophage interacts with an episome and stimulates transcription of the bacterial chromosome. |
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b. |
A bacteriophage replicates to very high numbers within a bacterial cell and eventually the bacterial cell bursts to release the new viruses. |
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c. |
A bacteriophage binds to the lac repressor and stimulates translation of Rubisco RNA. |
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d. |
A bacteriophage genome is stably integrated into the bacterial chromosome. |
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e. |
A bacteriophage stimulates the transcription of an R factor. |
5. Which of the following organisms would be expected to have the largest genome size?
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a. |
Bacteriophage T4. |
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b. |
Escherichia coli. |
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c. |
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). |
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d. |
Homo sapiens (humans). |
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e. |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). |
6. For a protein to be inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane:
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a. |
The protein must have a promoter. |
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b. |
The protein must have a telomere. |
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c. |
The protein must have a centromere. |
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d. |
The protein must have a signal sequence. |
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e. |
The protein must be in a complex with DNA. |
In: Biology
Answer the following questions using the sequence given below.
Non-template DNA 5’ – ATG CGT TCG TTA TGG CTG CTT – 3’
1. Provide sequence of template DNA
2. Provide sequence of mRNA
3. Provide sequence of tRNA anticodon for the 3rd triplet
4. Provide the sequence of the amino acid encoded by the mRNA
5. What is the effect on the amino acid sequence as a result of each of the following mutations?
substitution of T for G at position 8
addition of T between positions 8 and 9
deletion of C at position 15
substitution of T for C at position 18
deletion of GAC at positions 16-18
Which of the mutations above produces the greatest change in the amino acid sequence?
In: Biology