Question #1:

• What is a survey?
• With the aid of examples, distinguish between face-to-face, telephone, mail, and internet surveys.
• What are their relative advantages and disadvantages?
• Which is the best and why?

Question #2:

• What is an experiment?
• What is the difference between a true/classical experiment and a quasi-experiment?
• Enumerate and explain 5 threats to experimental validity.

which one is true and which one is false?

1. Investment depends both on the expected present value of future profits and on the current level of profit.
2. Tobin’s q theory of consumption is based on the notion that the stock market can provide a   good estimate of expected profitability.
3. In the pipeline theory, inventories are held as part of a production process.
4. As a result of anticipated information, stock prices follow a random walk.
5. The return on the savings account is R × ps; the return on the stock is the dividend plus the capital gains, Δps.
6. The MPK equals the user costs, uc & variations in the user costs, given the MPK schedule, are then used to explain variations in the desired capital stock, investment.
7. Wage equality is largely caused by a steady increase in the demand for high-skilled workers relative to the demand for low-skill workers.

10-Deflation spiral or deflation trap occurs at Y’ when output is still below potential, and thus inflation is still decreasing.

Please explain and show work.

Joseph’s utility function is given by UJ = xA + 2xB, where xA denotes his consumption of apples and xB his consumption of bananas. Clara’s utility function is given by UC = 3xA + 2xB. Joseph and Clara shop at the same grocery store.

a. When we observe that Joseph leaves the store with some bananas, then we can deduce that Clara also buys some bananas.

b. There exist prices of apples and bananas such that both consumers buy strictly positive amounts of both goods.

c. When we observe that Joseph leaves the store with some apples and some bananas, then we can deduce that Clara also buys some apples and some bananas.

d. When we observe that Joseph leaves the store with some apples, then we can deduce that Clara also buys some apples.

e. Apples and bananas are perfect complements for Joseph.

Passage 2 (Questions 8–14)

In the first place, to make the poem or the novel the central concern of literary criticism has appeared to mean cutting it loose from its author and from the author’s particular hopes, fears, interests, conflicts, etc. A criticism so limited may seem bloodless and hollow.

In the second place, to emphasize the work seems to involve severing it from those who actually read it, and this severance may seem drastic and therefore disastrous. After all, literature is written to be read.

The formalist critic knows as well as anyone that poems and plays and novels are written as expressions of particular personalities and are written from all sorts of motives–for money, from a desire to express oneself, for the sake of a cause, etc. Moreover, the formalist critic knows as well as anyone that literary works are merely potential until they are read–that is, that they are re-created in the minds of actual readers, who vary enormously in their capabilities, their interests, their prejudices, their ideas. But the formalist critic is concerned primarily with the work itself. Speculation on the mental processes of the author takes the critic away from the work into biography and psychology. Such studies describe the process of composition, not the structure of the thing composed.

On the other hand, exploration of the various readings which the work has received also takes the critic away from the work into psychology and the history of taste. But such work, valuable and necessary as it may be, is to be distinguished from a criticism of the work itself. The formalist critic makes two assumptions: (1) that the relevant part of the author’s intention is what the author actually put into the work–that is, the critic assumes that the author’s intention as realized is the “intention” that counts. And (2) the formalist critic assumes an ideal reader–that is, instead of focusing on the varying spectrum of possible readings, the critic attempts to find a central point of reference from which to focus on the structure of the poem or novel.

There is no ideal reader, of course. But for the purpose of focusing on the poem rather than on the critic’s own reactions, it is a defensible strategy. (The alternatives are desperate: Either we say that one person’s reading is as good as another’s, and thus deny the possibility of any standard reading, or else we take the lowest common denominator of the various readings that have been made–that is, we frankly move from literary criticism into social psychology. To propose taking a consensus of the opinions of “qualified” readers is simply to split the ideal reader into a group of ideal readers.) As consequences of the distinction just referred to, the formalist critic rejects two popular tests for literary value. The first proves the value of the work from the author’s “sincerity” (or the intensity of the author’s feelings as he or she composed it). We discount also such tests as the intensity of the critic’s reaction.

A literary work is a document and as a document can be analyzed in terms of the forces that have produced it, or it may be manipulated as a force in its own right. It mirrors the past, it may influence the future. These facts it would be futile to deny, and I know of no critic who does deny them. But the reduction of a work of literature to its causes does not constitute literary criticism; nor does an estimate of its effects. Good literature is more than effective rhetoric applied to true ideas–even if we could agree upon a philosophical yardstick for measuring the truth of ideas and even if we could find some way that transcended nose counting for determining the effectiveness of the rhetoric.

Material used in this test passage has been adapted from the following source:
C. Brooks, The formalist critic. ©1951 by The Kenyon Review.

The author of the passage probably rejects the use of biography and psychology in literary criticism because these disciplines:

1. cannot provide any information about literature.
2. assume that the author’s intention as realized is the only intention that counts.
3. take into account the entire range of possible readings of a literary work.
4. focus on the process of literary composition and not on its product.

Solution: The correct answer is D.

1. The passage author acknowledges that “such work [may be] valuable and necessary”. Implicitly, however, its value and necessity are the responsibility of biographers, historians, and psychologists, not of literary critics (see rationale D).
2. According to the passage author, it is the formalist critic for whom the intention as realized–i.e., the finished work–is the only relevant consideration. Conversely, it is the proper role of biography and psychology to consider the intention within the author’s mind.
3. The passage asserts that one alternative to an analysis of the poem itself is that “we take the lowest common denominator of the various readings that have been made–that is, we frankly move from literary criticism into social psychology”. This assertion does not reject psychology (biography is not at issue in this regard) because it might study the effects of literature on readers; it rejects this psychological approach for critics because it “does not constitute literary criticism”.
4. To use biography in literary criticism would be to consider facts about an author’s life; to use psychology would be to speculate about the inner life of an author or of those who have commented on a literary work. The passage author contends that the application of either of these disciplines to an author is inappropriate for a literary critic because both “describe the process of composition, not the structure of the thing composed”. The argument against a critic’s using psychology to explore the various ways that readers have understood a work is that this investigation, too, “is to be distinguished from a criticism of the work itself”.

I thought B "assume that the author’s intention as realized is the only intention that counts." was the correct answer because in the passage it literally states that the authors intention REALIZED intention is the only intention that counts. The explanation given by AAMC doesnt really make much sense to me.

Loblaw Companies Limited (Loblaw) is a Canadian food retailer that owns 1,000 corporate and

franchise supermarkets that operate under 22 regional and market segment banners. Loblaw

brands include President’s Choice, No Name, Joe Fresh, T&T, Everyday Living, Exact,

Seaquest, Azami, and Teddy’s Choice. Loblaw is a public company, and its shares are listed on

the Toronto stock exchange.

Below you will find the 2016 and 2015 consolidated balance sheets (statement of financial

position). You will also find some excerpts from its notes section. All amounts are in millions of

Canadian dollars.

The fiscal year of the Company ends on the Saturday closest to December 31. Any references

below to 2015 relate to the fiscal year ended January 2, 2016, and any references below to 2016

relate to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

REQUIRED:

a) Calculate the following ratios for both 2016 and 2015:

a. Current ratio

b. Quick ratio

b) Based on your calculation in a), comment on the liquidity of Loblaw and how/if

it has changed between fiscal year 2015 and 2016.

c) Cost of goods sold is $33,213 million for 2016 and $32,846 million for 2015.

Inventory balance was $4,309 million for 2014. Calculate the followings for both 2016

and 2015:

a. Inventory turnover

b. Days to sell inventory

d) Based on the brief description of Loblaw and your understanding of retail

business operations, do you think your calculations in c) are reasonable and why?

e) Use the information below from Note 12 “Inventories” and answer the

following:

a. Prepare a journal entry to record the write-down of inventories.

b. Give two examples and explain why a write-down of inventories is necessary for

Loblaw.

Note 12 Inventories

For inventories recorded as at December 31, 2016, the Company recorded $22 million as

an expense for the write-down of inventories below cost to net realizable value. The

write-down was included in cost of merchandise inventories sold.

f) Calculate the debt-to-equity ratio for 2016. Explain what this ratio measures

and why creditors want to see this ratio.

g) Answer the following questions:

a. Loblaw has unlimited number of authorized shares on each class of shares. Why

do many companies today prefer to have an unlimited authorized number of

shares?

b. List and explain three differences between common shares and preferred shares.

c. Based on the information available, are you able to determine the net income for

the year ended December 31, 2016? Show your detailed calculations or explain

why not.

d. The unit price for Loblaw’s common shares was $70.33 on December 31, 2016

and $63.92 on December 31, 2015. Note 24 “Share Capital” (not provided)

indicated the following:

2016 2015

Dividends declared per share ($):

Common Share $1.03 $0.0995

What is the dividend yield for common shareholders in each of 2016 and 2015? If

you are a common shareholder, are you happy to see the change and why? (3

marks)

Loblaw Companies Limited

Consolidated Balance Sheet

As of December 31

(in millions of Canadian Dollars)

2016 2015

Assets

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents $ 1,314 $ 1,018

Short term investments 241 64

Accounts receivable 4,048 4,115

Inventories 4,371 4,322

Prepaid expenses and other assets 230 336

Total Current Assets $ 10,204 $ 9,855

Non-current Assets

Fixed assets 11,592 11,558

Intangible assets 8,745 9,164

Goodwill 3,895 3,780

Total Non-current Assets $ 24,232 $ 24,502

Total Assets $ 34,436 $ 34,357

Liabilities

Current Liabilities

Bankindebtedness $ 115 $ 143

Trade payables 5,091 5,106

Provisionsand other liabilities 1,736 1,973

Total Current Liabilities $ 6,942 $ 7,222

Non-Current liabilities

Long term debt and other liabilities $ 14,466 $ 14,011

Total liabilities $ 21,408 $ 21,233

Equity

Share capital $ 7,913 $ 8,072

Retained Earnings 4,944 4,914

Contributed surplus 112 102

Accumulated other comprehensive

income 33 23

Non-controlling interest 26 13

Total Equity $ 13,028 $ 13,124

Total Liabilities and Equity $ 34,436 $ 34,357

An experiment consists of flipping a coin 5 times and noting the number of times that a heads is flipped. Find the sample space SS of this experiment.

Design an experiment that would resolve the nature versus nurture controversy. What are some reasons why this experiment hasn’t been done?

How is the discrete choice experiment method different from the contingent valuation method?

What are some relative advantages of the discrete choice experiment method as compared to the contingent valuation method?

Can you think of any examples where the contingent valuation method may be more practical than the discrete choice experiment method?

EXPLAIN WHY.

describe an experiment that would test whether the saying "Honesty is the best policy" is true or not. The description of your experiment should include:

- the design of your study (how many groups; how are they different)

- the independent and dependent variables

- how you are operationally defining the constructs (how you will measure or manipulate the constructs)

Note that it should be an experiment, not a correlational study or other method.

discuss the importance of using a scientific experiment to answer if this belief is true. Make sure to discuss why the scientific approach is better than using personal anecdotes for this specific belief.

the experiment you undertook to test one of the factors that affects diffusion of a solute in a solvent: Parameter chosen: Null hypothesis: Alternate hypothesis: Dependent variable: Independent variable: Controlled variables: Write a detailed protocol on how you would perform the experiment and measure the results. You can use dot points to detail the steps taken to perform the experiment – make sure you mention all details of the materials you use so that anyone reading these instructions could repeat the experiment and would get the same results. Experimental protocol