Harry keeps struggling to complete his assignments until just moments before the assignment is due. His behavior of finding ways to procrastinate just keep coming up every time he thinks about his assignments. Try to explain how this tendency to procrastinate came about through principles of operant conditioning. Also, try to explain how this procrastination can be stopped through operant conditioning principles. Be sure to detail how each appropriate term applies to the different components of this example.

Using a specific example, explain how natural selection explains the theory of evolution. Also include in your explanation and within your example, what are the factors needed for natural selection to act. In your explanation, do not use examples with domestic animals, or about humans.

Morgan bred a white-eyed male with a red-eyed sister, and obtained all red-eyed offspring. These red-eye off-spring were then intercrossed. From which Morgan observed a 2459 red-eyed females, 1011 red-eyed males and 782 white-eye males. This is a 2:0:1:1 ratio compared to an expected ratio of 3:1:3:1 (red eye female, white eye female, red eye male, white eye male).

1. Use a Chi-squared test to analyze whether the differences between the observations and the expectations are due to random variation? What is the chi-squared number?

2. Are these observations due to chance?

A. No, p-value <0.5

B. Yes, p-value <0.5

C. No, p-value >0.5

D. Yes, p-value >0.5

E. Can not be determined, you need more information.

3. What are the genotypes of the F2 progeny?

Truckloads of waste contaminated with cadmium may either be sent to a sanitary landfill or a hazardous waste landfill. The levels of cadmium vary daily so each morning a sample of truckloads must be tested to determine which landfill to use. If the mean level of cadmium exceeds the allowable amount of 1 milligram per liter for a sanitary landfill then the trucks must be sent further to the hazardous landfill. Of course, driving a further distance requires more expense for the company. You are in charge of testing and determining which landfill to use for dumping for today.

You will use a 5% level of significance for your hypothesis test.

1. State the null and alternative hypotheses, and identify which represents the claim. Why?

2. Determine the type of test that you should use: left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed. Explain your reasoning.

3. What sampling technique would you use to determine your sample of truckloads that will be tested this morning? Should a small sample or a large sample be used? Does it really matter?

4. What decision concerning your null hypothesis would result in a Type I error? What is the interpretation and the implication of this error? What about a Type II error? Obviously, you want to minimize the risk of both types of error when decision making. Which of these errors is more serious in this situation?

5. Suppose that the null hypothesis is rejected when you perform your hypothesis test. Assuming that a correct decision was made, what do you believe regarding the mean level of cadmium on today's truckloads? Give a complete interpretation.

Case Study

Case History

Abioye Akachi, a 5 y.o. boy, recently arrived in Australia from East Africa. Brought to the Emergency Dept. by his worried parents, who state that he has frequent infections, a poor appetite, appears to be in pain, is pale and lethargic.

On examination the clinician finds an irritable child with jaundice, splenomegaly and failure to thrive. The clinician requests an FBE, ESR, CRP, Haptoglobin, Blood film, Malaria screen, Renal and Liver function tests and to crossmatch one unit of blood.

FBE Results

Blood film & other results

1. Define ‘signs’ & ‘symptoms’. Discuss the clinical findings of the case and correlate to any physiological or pathophysiological processes.
2. Discuss the laboratory results in detail and discuss and correlate to any physiological or pathophysiological processes.
3. State your Provisional Diagnosis.
4. State your Differential Diagnosis/es.
5. Discuss your chosen Provisional Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis/es with justifications for your selections?
6. List all the Further Tests and Results for the PD and DDs? Tabulate your result.
7. Describe the aetiology & pathophysiology for the chosen PD.

1. List five reasons for performing a cesarean section and state the most frequent reason for this procedure.

2. What steps performed in a traditional vaginal hysterectomy may be performed laparoscopically? What is the advantage of the laparoscopic approach?

3. Define and list the basic steps in a Pfannenstiel abdominal incision.

4. List the structures that will be removed during a total pelvic exenteration.

5. Name at least two medications that may be used to treat uterine hemorrhage following childbirth.

6. Briefly describe how the sequence of events for an emergency cesarean section (e.g., prolapsed umbilical cord, placenta abruption) may differ from a planned cesarean section.

In 1974, Loftus and Palmer conducted a classic study demonstrating how the language used to ask a question can influence eyewitness memory. In the study, college students watched a film of an automobile accident and then were asked questions about what they saw. One group was asked, “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Another group was asked the same question except the verb was changed to “hit” instead of “smashed into.” The “smashed into” group reported significantly higher estimates of speed than the “hit” group. You, as a researcher wonder if Loftus and Palmer’s study is reliable, and repeats this study with a sample of FIU students and obtains the following data.

Your job is to determine if smashed into group reports higher speed than hit group. As you work on this problem, make sure to provide information for each of the eight steps we cover in Chapter 11 (Salkind) as well as the APA write-up you would see in a results section.

1. State the null and alternative hypotheses
2. Tell me your level of risk
3. Determine the best statistical test to use
4. Determine the value needed to reject the null hypothesis. Remember to calculate the correct degrees of freedom before finding the critical t-value! Note whether it is best to use the one-tailed or two-tailed test.
5. Compare the obtained and critical value
6. Decide whether you will retain the null hypothesis or …
7. Decide whether you will reject the null hypothesis
8. Finally, write up your results as you would see it in a results section of an empirical research paper. Make sure to include the means and SDs for smashed into and hit group (in miles). I do NOT need to see the effect size (Cohen’s D)
9. Was your obtained t-value positive or negative? Would it matter either way? With your discussion group, tell my why a positive or negative value is not important when it comes to your obtained value
10. What is more appropriate to use for your data set: the one-tailed t-Test or the two-tailed t-Test. Why? Would your APA write-up differ depending on which you used?
11. Why would it be easier to find significance using a p value of .05 than a p value of .01?
12. Finally (and this is the tough one), how would your results have differed with regard to steps 4 through 9 if you had used n rather than n – 1?

Describe the items that would be included on a spreadsheet if you were to conduct a multinational capital budgeting analysis of investing dollars to expand your existing language business in a different location.

Assume that you recognize your limitations in predicting the future exchange rate of the invoice currency for your expanded business. You think that there are several possible exchange rate scenarios, each with equal probability of occurrence. Explain how you could use this information to estimate the future NPV and make a decision about whether to accept or reject the project.

Now assume that there is also much uncertainty about the demand for your service by individuals. Explain how you can attempt to incorporate this uncertainty along with the uncertainty of exchange rate movements so that you can make a decision about whether to accept or reject the project.

Explain how you would derive a required rate of return for your capital budgeting analysis. What type of information would you use to derive the required rate of return?

For the Pure Monopoly Market Structure 2 a. For the monopolist, please explain in detail the steps required to determine: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, CC BY Charles Hackner Houston Community College unless otherwise noted. i. The firm’s optimal level of output. ii. The firm’s product price that would correspond to that optimal level of output. iii. If the firm has achieved maximum profit iv. If the firm has achieved minimum profit Use the MR MC approach along with the appropriate cost curves to create your answer. b. For each of the 2 cases (profit maximization, loss minimization, and shut down) explain what would happen to economic profit if your federal government imposed a tariff on the importing of several of your key inputs, and why you would expect that result. c. You are employed by a firm with monopoly power. The boss wants to increase profits. i. Explain the power of price discrimination to your boss. ii. Explain the requirements and assumptions for successfully implementing this approach. iii. Explain 2 things that would prevent this approach from being successful. d. You work for the government in the department that is responsible for dealing with Monopoly issues (the Antitrust Division of the Justice Dept.). Please read through the slides, listen to the audio lectures, then: i. Explain the dilemma of regulation. ii. Explain which of the 3 options you would use, and iii. Explain why you picked that particular option

COMP1805AB (Fall 2019)  "Discrete Structures I" Specification for Assignment 1 of 4

Please ensure that you include your name and student number on your submission. Your submission must be created using Microsoft Word, Google Docs, or LaTeX.

1. Translate the following English expressions into logical statements. You must explicitly state what the atomic propositions are (e.g., "Let p be proposition ...") and then show their logical relation.

   1. If it is red then it is not blue and it is not green.

   2. It is white but it is also red and green and blue.

   3. It is black if and only if it is not red, green, or blue.

2. Determine if the following expressions are tautologies, contradictions, or contingencies by using only truth tables. Show all your work and do not skip any steps (i.e., ensure you that you include a new column for every single operation and that you state at the end whether each expression is a tautology, contingency, or contradiction).

   a. ¬(?∧(¬?∨(?→?)))
   b. (? ∨(? ↔(¬?∧ (? ∨?))))

   c. (? ∧¬(? ∧(? ∨(? ↔?))))d. ¬(?∨¬(?→(?∧?)))

3. Determine if the following expressions are tautologies, contradictions, or contingencies by using only the logical equivalences. Show all your work and do not skip any steps (i.e., ensure you that you include the name of each equivalence used (excluding commutativity and associativity) and that you state at the end whether each expression is a tautology, contingency, or contradiction).

   a. (? ∧(? →¬?))b. (¬?→(?∨?))c. (? ↔(?∨ ¬?))d. (¬? ∨(?∧?))

4. Using only the  and the  operators, find a logical expression that is equivalent to (? → (? ∧ p)) → (? ∨ p). For this question, you do not need to specify "how" you found the equivalent expression because you will show both techniques in questions 5 and 6 below.

5. Prove that the expression you found for question 4 above is equivalent to the expression (? → (? ∧ p)) → (? ∨ p) by using only truth tables. Show all your work and do not skip any steps (i.e., ensure that you include a new column for every single operation).

6. Prove that the expression you found for question 4 above is equivalent to the expression (? → (? ∧ p)) → (? ∨ p) by using only the logical equivalences. Show all your work and do not skip any steps.

7. Let L(x) be the predicate "x is a lion", G(x) be the predicate "x is a giraffe", and M(x) be the predicate "x eats meat". Translate the following expressions into English. The universe of discourse is all animals.

   1. ∀? (?(?) ∧ ?(?))

   2. ∃? (¬(?(?) ∧ ?(?)) ∨ ¬?(?))

   3. ∀? ((?(?) ∨ ?(?)) → (¬?(?) → ?(?)))