Consider the following segment of mRNA produced by the normal order of DNA nucleotides:

5' UCU AAG CGA GUU 3'

What is the amino acid order if an insertion mutation adds a G to the beginning of the mRNA segment?

What is the amino acid order if a deletion mutation removes the U at the beginning of the mRNA segment?

22. Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered plants with true-breeding white-flowered plants, and none of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The allele for purple flowers is ____________.

a.   dominant

b.   monohybrid

c.   independent

d.   recessive

e.   segregated

23. An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with another individual with wavy hair, what is the probability that their child will have (naturally) curly hair?

a.   25%

b.   100%

c.   0%

d.   50%

e.   75%
24. Which of the following is characteristic of a DNA double helix?
   a.   The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of guanine, and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of cytosine.
   b.   The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of uracil, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.
   c.   The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.
   d.   The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine.
   e.   The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of uracil.

25. If a strand of DNA has the sequence CCGTCT, transcription will result in a(n) ______.

a.   single RNA strand with the sequence GGCAGA

b.   single RNA strand with the sequence CCGUCU

c.   single DNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG

d.   single RNA strand with the sequence GGCUGAU

e.   RNA double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand

26. If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence ATCGCA, what is the sequence of the other strand?

a.   ATCGCA

b.   TAGCGT

c.   TACGCT

d.   AUCGCA

e.   UAGCGU
27. Organisms carrying genes from another species are called

a.   cancerous

b.   vectors

c.   transformed

d.   transgenic

e.   hybrids

28. In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______.

a.   guanine . . . adenine

b.   uracil . . . cytosine

c.   thymine . . . cytosine

d.   cytosine . . . thymine

e.   cytosine . . . uracil

29. RNA contains ______, whereas DNA contains ______.

a.   adenine . . . guanine

b.   cytosine . . . guanine

c.   nucleotides . . . nucleic acids

d.   uracil . . . thymine

e.   a deoxyribose sugar . . . a ribose sugar
30. Where is translation accomplished?

a.   nucleoli

b.   sER

c.   lysosomes

d.   ribosomes

e.   peroxisomes

31. DNA and RNA are polymers of ______.

a.   fatty acids

b.   nucleotides

c.   monoglycerides

d.   amino acids

e.   monosaccharides

3a. The catalytic mechanism of an enzyme involves nucleophilic attack on the substrate by an active site cysteine. Normally, this cysteine has a pKa of 8.2. If the cytoplasm of the cell is pH 7.2 and the pH of the mitochondrial matrix is 8.2, predict whether this enzyme is a better catalyst in the cytoplasm or mitochondria. Explain

54. Which of these receptor classes can activate G proteins

1. G protein coupled and ion channel receptors

2. Enzyme coupled receptors

3. G protein coupled receptors and enzyme coupled receptors

4. Ion channel coupled receptors

5. G protein coupled receptors

6a. Many pumps are members of the P-type ATPases. If you discovered a new enzyme with a similar function, what reaction intermediate would help convince you that your enzyme was a member of this family?

6b. Describe the functional domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum CA2+ ATPase.

Many cases of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) are caused by the lack of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA).

a. What pathway normally contains the enzyme ADA?

b. How does the absence of ADA contribute to the non-functional immune system observed in SCID patients?

Describe allosteric regulation of enzyme activity. How does allosteric inhibition differ from other modes of regulation, and how can these work in concert to finely regulate enzyme activity? Provide an example, describe in detail, and use diagrams to help illustrate your point.

1. Papain and pepsin are not the only enzymes that can digest antibodies. Find one example of another enzyme that can digest antibodies and answer the following. (~150-200 words total)

1. Describe any similarities or differences in the theoretical antibody fragments generated using this enzyme as compared to pepsin and papain. Use a figure to support your answer.
2. What results would you expect to see in a haemagglutination assay and on non-reducing and reducing SDS-PAGE gels after digesting rabbit anti-SRBC IgG using this enzyme? Include simple diagrams to illustrate your answer.

4. Tell the story of digesting a cheeseburger

The hamburger bun: full of carbohydrates

The burger: full of protein

The cheese: full of lipids (remember the role of various important molecules, e.g. bile salts, chylomicrons, etc.)

For each of the parts of the burger, answer the following questions.

Identify any physical digestion processes

Identify the enzyme(s) used to chemically break down the macromolecule

Identify which organ or cell(s) release that enzyme

Identify where in the alimentary canal each enzyme is secreted into.

Describe how the respective monomer is finally absorbed into the blood stream.