54. Which of these receptor classes can activate G proteins

1. G protein coupled and ion channel receptors

2. Enzyme coupled receptors

3. G protein coupled receptors and enzyme coupled receptors

4. Ion channel coupled receptors

5. G protein coupled receptors

6a. Many pumps are members of the P-type ATPases. If you discovered a new enzyme with a similar function, what reaction intermediate would help convince you that your enzyme was a member of this family?

6b. Describe the functional domains of the sarcoplasmic reticulum CA2+ ATPase.

Many cases of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) are caused by the lack of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA).

a. What pathway normally contains the enzyme ADA?

b. How does the absence of ADA contribute to the non-functional immune system observed in SCID patients?

Describe allosteric regulation of enzyme activity. How does allosteric inhibition differ from other modes of regulation, and how can these work in concert to finely regulate enzyme activity? Provide an example, describe in detail, and use diagrams to help illustrate your point.

1. Papain and pepsin are not the only enzymes that can digest antibodies. Find one example of another enzyme that can digest antibodies and answer the following. (~150-200 words total)

1. Describe any similarities or differences in the theoretical antibody fragments generated using this enzyme as compared to pepsin and papain. Use a figure to support your answer.
2. What results would you expect to see in a haemagglutination assay and on non-reducing and reducing SDS-PAGE gels after digesting rabbit anti-SRBC IgG using this enzyme? Include simple diagrams to illustrate your answer.

4. Tell the story of digesting a cheeseburger

The hamburger bun: full of carbohydrates

The burger: full of protein

The cheese: full of lipids (remember the role of various important molecules, e.g. bile salts, chylomicrons, etc.)

For each of the parts of the burger, answer the following questions.

Identify any physical digestion processes

Identify the enzyme(s) used to chemically break down the macromolecule

Identify which organ or cell(s) release that enzyme

Identify where in the alimentary canal each enzyme is secreted into.

Describe how the respective monomer is finally absorbed into the blood stream.

1. Some enzymes, require other molecules, co-factors, to become activated and/or to function.

a. In general, describe what type of molecule a co-factor typically is, what it does and the common types of chemical interactions it forms with the enzyme. In your explanation, include the terms: apoenzyme and holoenzyme, and describe how a cofactor affects the enzyme-substrate affinity.

b. Compare/contrast the two main classes of cofactors, and describe an example of each (other than the ones presented in lecture). PS: “describe” means to explain how the cofactor interacts with the enzyme and what the effects are

Lab 6 Beta-Galactosidase Activity (Gene Expression): Preparation

1. When lactose is present and glucose is absent, explain what will occur with the lac operon; specifically to the repressor protein, CAP-cAMP complex, RNA polymerase and the production levels of the -galactosidase enzyme

2. When lactose is present and glucose is present, explain what will occur with the lac operon; specifically to the repressor protein, CAP-cAMP complex, RNA polymerase and the production levels of the b-galactosidase enzyme.

3. When lactose is absent and glucose is present, explain what will occur with the lac operon; specifically to the repressor protein, CAP-cAMP complex, RNA polymerase and the production levels of the b-galactosidase enzyme.

4. When lactose is absent and glucose is absent, explain what will occur with the lac operon; specifically to the repressor protein, CAP-cAMP complex, RNA polymerase and the production levels of the b-galactosidase enzyme.

1. When comparing a range of viral populations in a particular year what characteristic is most associated with survival of the population to the next year.

A) a high rate of change in sequences at antigenic sites

B) a high rate of change in sequences generally

C) movement to a new host

D) ability to overwhelm the immune system

E) a low mutation rate

2. Some sharks migrate from the ocean to live in a freshwater lake. After a few generations scientists sequence an enzyme involved with moving ions across cell membranes in both the ancestral ocean population and the lake population. After correcting for the number of possible changes they found 3.3 nonsynonymous changes in the sequence for every synonymous change. This is evidence for which of the following?

A)No selection on the enzyme

B)Positive (directional) selection on the enzyme

C)Negative (stabilizing) selection on the enzyme

D)Ambiguous (disruptive) selection on the enzyme

3. Which evolutionary forces will tend to cause populations to diverge from one another genetically when they (the populations) are geographically isolated?

A) mutation, drift, selection

B) mutation, drift, migration

C) migration, drift, mutation

D) migration, selection

E) migration, selection, drift