Should policing as an institution be reformed in America? If so, what reforms should be implemented to improve policing?

Provide 2 concrete examples.

If not, provide 2 reasons why policing in America should remain unchanged

OPEN SKY

Mr. Jean-C. Lapierre and Mr. Jim Peterson, respectively Minister of Transport and Minister

for International Trade, announced today that the governments of 410 Part Four Businesses

and markets Canada and the United States have reached a transport agreement said to be

"open-air", which widens the scope of the agreement from 1995 and has promising

benefits. So, Canadian passenger and air cargo carriers will have better access to the large

American market, from where they may reach destinations in other countries; the pricing

rules will be relaxed for carriers Canadian and American; Canadian airports will have more

freedom to adopt measures to attract American carriers and offer better prices to

consumers.

"Certainly further liberalization of the Canada-US air transportation relationship will allow

the airlines of both countries to better meet the needs of travelers and freight forwarders,"

said Mr. Lapierre, "I am confident that "This agreement will help create new markets and

new services, lower prices and stimulate competition."

For Peterson, "the movement of people, goods and between Canada and the United States

plays a role crucial to the smooth running of our daily activities [...] The flexibility adopted

here, which goes far beyond eyes of 1995, will improve the functioning of NAFTA and

make North America more competitive. "

Transports Canada, 11 novembre 2005

a. Prior to the entry into force of the open skies agreement, Air Canada was the only

Canadian carrier that operated flights to the United States. What interests did the

company serve: its own or those of society?

b. Describe how price discrimination evolved in the air travel market after the

adoption of the open skies agreement and the entry of airlines offering discount

flights.

c. Explain what consequences the evolution of price discrimination - question (b} -

has had on the price and quantity of air travel.

Question: In terms of comparative advantage, explain how does the Iowa Car Crop works.

(IOWA CAR CROP STORY)

There are two technologies for producing automobiles in America. One is to manufacture them in Detroit, and the other is to grow them in Iowa. Everybody knows about the first technology; let me tell you about the second. First you plant seeds, which are the raw material from which automobiles are constructed. You wait a few months until wheat appears. Then you harvest the wheat, load it onto ships, and sail the ships eastward into the Pacific Ocean. After a few months, the ships reappear with Toyotas on them.

International trade is nothing but a form of technology. The fact that there is a place called Japan, with people and factories, is quite irrelevant to Americans’ well-being. To analyze trade policies, we might as well assume that Japan is a giant machine with mysterious inner workings that convert wheat into cars. Any policy designed to favor the first American technology over the second is a policy designed to favor American auto producers in Detroit over American auto producers in Iowa. A tax or a ban on “imported” automobiles is a tax or a ban on Iowa-grown automobiles. If you protect Detroit carmakers from competition, then you must damage Iowa farmers, because Iowa farmers are the competition.

The task of producing a given fleet of cars can be allocated between Detroit and Iowa in a variety of ways. A competitive price system selects that allocation that minimizes the total production cost. It would be unnecessarily expensive to manufacture all cars in Detroit, unnecessarily expensive to grow all cars in Iowa, and unnecessarily expensive to use the two production processes in anything other than the natural ratio that emerges as a result of competition.

That means that protection for Detroit does more than just transfer income from farmers to autoworkers. It also raises the total cost of providing Americans with a given number of automobiles. The efficiency loss comes with no offsetting gain; it impoverishes the nation as a whole.

There is much talk about improving the efficiency of American car manufacturing. When you have two ways to make a car, the road to efficiency is to use both in optimal proportions. The last thing you should want to do is to artificially hobble one of your production technologies. It is sheer superstition to think that an Iowa-grown Camry is any less “American” than a Detroit-built Taurus. Policies rooted in superstition do not frequently bear efficient fruit.

In 1817, David Ricardo—the first economist to think with the precision, though not the language, of pure mathematics—laid the foundation for all future thought about international trade. In the intervening 150 years his theory has been much elaborated but its foundations remain as firmly established as anything in economics.

Trade theory predicts first that if you protect American producers in one industry from foreign competition, then you must damage American producers in other industries. It predicts second that if you protect American producers in one industry from foreign competition, there must be a net loss in economic efficiency.

The market value of Charter Cruise Company's equity is $15 million and the market value of its debt is $5 million. If the required rate of return on the equity is 20 percent and that on its debt is 8 percent, calculate the company's cost of capital. (Assume tax rate is 35%.)

• A. 16.3 percent
• B. 14.7 percent
• C. 17 percent
• D. 20.5 percent

Define the measure of each variable (Scale, Ordinal, or Nominal)

The variables are as follows with their labels BOLDED

Variable Label Description
•   PLURALITY         Number of children born of the pregnancy
•   SEX       Sex of child   1 = male; 2 = female
•   MAGE         Age of mother (years)
•   WEEKS        Completed weeks of gestation (weeks)
•   MARITAL             Marital status: 1 = married; 2 = not married
•   RACEMOM            Race of mother 0 = other non-White, 1 = White; 2 =Black; 3 = American Indian, 4 = Chinese; 5 = Japanese; 6 = Hawaiian; 7 = Filipino; 8 = Other Asian or Pacific Islander)

•   HISPMOM         Mother of Hispanic origin   C = Cuban; M = Mexican; N = Non-Hispanic, O =other and unknown Hispanic, P = Puerto Rican, S = Central/South American, U = not classifiable)

•   GAINED        Weight gained during pregnancy (pounds)
•   SMOKE        smoking during pregnancy   0 = mother did not smoke during pregnancy
1 = mother did smoke during pregnancy

•   DRINK         alcohol consumption during pregnancy   0 = mother did not consume alcohol during pregnancy 1 = mother did consume alcohol during pregnancy

•   TOUNCES        Weight of child (ounces)
•   TGRAMS         Weight of child (grams)
•   LOW        Does infant have low birthweight  0 = infant was not low birth weight 1 = infant was low birth
•   PREMIE         Is infant premature   0 = infant was not premature 1=infant was premature

“The currency crisis in Turkey is being exacerbated by a skyrocketing annual inflation rate, which by some estimates, exceeds 100 percent. Countries with high inflation rates relative to others tend to see their currencies depreciate.

Over three weeks time, the Turkish lira has plummeted, with selling intensifying into Monday's record low of 7.24 lira per dollar after President Donald Trump on Friday said he would increase tariffs on steel and aluminum originating from Turkey. The escalating tariffs were a direct attack on Turkey's refusal to free jailed American pastor Andrew Brunson. (CNBC, August 14, 2018)”

“Since Turkey suffered an economic crisis of confidence in August – with its currency falling by some 25% that month – emerging markets around the world, from South Africa to Indonesia, have also experienced plummeting currencies and an outflow of foreign investment.

Argentina, which had stabilized after a crisis earlier in the year, has fallen back into emergency mode, increasing interest rates to 60%. Its currency, the peso, has fallen by 45% in 2018 and 24% in August”. (World Economic Forum, September 04, 2018)

One of the main reasons of this capital outflow from countries like Turkey is the fact that the Fed has been increasing the US Interest rate, up to almost 3%. Explain why a higher American interest rate causes an outflow of capital in other countries?

The income statement and comparative balance sheets for Cruise Supply Store are attached. The

following additional information is available.

CRUISE SUPPLY STORE

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

(a) The market price of the company's common stock on December 31, 20X4 is $49.

(b) Weighted average common shares outstanding for 20X4 were 10,000.

(c) All sales were credit sales.

REQUIRED: (1) Prepare a vertical analysis on the income statement for the year ending

December 31, 20X4. Round all percentages to two decimal places (four

decimal places in all).

(2) Prepare a horizontal analysis on the balance sheet from year 20X3 to 20X4.

Round all percentages to two decimal places (four decimal places in all).

(3) Compute the following ratios for the company for 20X4. Round those ratios

that are percentages to two decimal places (four decimal places in all) and all

other amounts to two decimal places.

(a) Current Ratio.

(b) Inventory Turnover.

(c) Accounts Receivable Turnover.

(d) Times Interest Earned Ratio.

(e) Return on Average Total Assets.

(f) Return on Average Common Stockholders' Equity.

(g) Earnings Per Share of Common Stock.

(h) Price/Earnings Ratio.

CRUISE SUPPLY STORE

INCOME STATEMENT

FOR YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 20X4

Net Sales $ 462,000

Cost of Goods Sold 229,000

Gross Profit 233,000

Operating Expenses 136,000

Income From Operations 97,000

Interest Expense 11,000

Income Before Income Taxes 86,000

Income Tax Expense 30,000

Net Income $ 56,000

CRUISE SUPPLY STORE

COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 20X3 AND 20X4

Dec. 31, 20X4 Dec. 31, 20X3

ASSETS

Cash $ 96,000 $ 97,000

Accounts Receivable (Net) 112,000 116,000

Inventories 172,000 162,000

Prepaid Expenses 16,000 7,000

Property,

Plant, and Equipment (Net) 189,000 178,000   

TOTAL ASSETS $ 585,000 $ 560,000

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Accounts Payable $ 50,000 $ 60,000

Income Taxes Payable 36,000 25,000

Short Term Notes Payable 120,000 136,000

Bonds Payable 119,000 119,000

Common Stock 160,000 120,000

Additional Paid In Capital 50,000 30,000

Retained Earnings 50,000 70,000

TOTAL LIABILITIES

AND STOCKHOLDERS'

EQUITY $ 585,000 $ 560,000

ltoid Co.Balance Sheet At December 31, 2018

Cash                                           150

Short-term investments                         200

Accounts receivable (net)                      300

Inventories                                    450

Property, plant, and equipment (net) Total assets 1100

Total assets                                   2200

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity:         

Current liabilities                            450

Long-term liabilities                          600

Paid-in capital                               150

Retained earnings                              1000

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity    2200

Net sales                                      7700

Operating expenses                             7110

Income before interest and taxes               590

Interest expense                               90

Income tax expense                             150

Net income                                     350

Compute the following financial statement ratios for 2018:

6) Altoid Co.'s current ratio. Round your answer to two decimal places.

7) Altoid Co.'s acid-test ratio. Round your answer to two decimal places.

8) Altoid Co.'s debt to equity ratio. Round your answer to two decimal places.

9) Altoid Co.'s times interest earned ratio. Round your answer to two decimal places.

10) Altoid Co.'s long term debt to equity ratio. Round your answer to two decimal places.) Use this information to answer the following questions:

Spartan Sportswear's current assets consist of cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inventories. The following data were abstracted from a recent financial statement:

Inventories $180,000

Total assets $720,000

Current ratio 2.75

Acid-test ratio 1.5

Debt to equity ratio 1.4

Required: Compute the following for Spartan:

11) Current assets

12) Shareholders' equity

13）long-term assets

14）long-term liabilities

(In java) Return a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized. You may find the Character.toUpperCase(char c) method helpful

NOTE: Each beginning letter of each word should be capitalized. For example, if the user were to input: "United States of America " --> output should be "United States of America" NOT "United states of america"

--------------------------------------

(This code is given)

public class Class1 {

public static String capitalize(String str) {
    //add code here
}
}

The balance sheet at December 31, 2021, for Nevada Harvester Corporation includes the liabilities listed below:

1. 11% bonds with a face amount of $38 million were issued for $38 million on October 31, 2012. The bonds mature on October 31, 2032. Bondholders have the option of calling (demanding payment on) the bonds on October 31, 2022, at a redemption price of $38 million. Market conditions are such that the call is not expected to be exercised.
2. Management intended to refinance $10.5 million of its 9% notes that mature in May 2022. In early March, prior to the actual issuance of the 2021 financial statements, Nevada Harvester negotiated a line of credit with a commercial bank for up to $4.5 million any time during 2022. Any borrowings will mature two years from the date of borrowing.
3. Noncallable 12% bonds with a face amount of $15.5 million were issued for $15.5 million on September 30, 2002. The bonds mature on September 30, 2022. Sufficient cash is expected to be available to retire the bonds at maturity.
4. A $26 million 7% bank loan is payable on October 31, 2027. The bank has the right to demand payment after any fiscal year-end in which Nevada Harvester’s ratio of current assets to current liabilities falls below a contractual minimum of 1.7 to 1 and remains so for six months. That ratio was 1.45 on December 31, 2021, due primarily to an intentional temporary decline in inventory levels. Normal inventory levels will be reestablished during the first quarter of 2022.

Required:
1. For each liability listed above, what amount will be reported as a current liability and as a noncurrent liability on the December 31, 2021 balance sheet?
2. Prepare the liability section of a classified balance sheet for Nevada Harvester at December 31, 2021. Accounts payable and accruals are $19 million.