trace the route of biosynthesis and the storage of hlucose, fatty acids and amino acids

5. You are consuming a food item that contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and a substance A stipulated to not be digestible by human enzymes, but digestible by bacterial enzymes into substance B. Discuss where and how each of the five nutrient types will be digested (multiple locations may be required), and how their absorbable components (monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and substance B) will be absorbed by the body. Include in your response a complete review of the entire digestive system (not just the digestive tract), including all physical structures the food item will encounter, all digestive secretions (including a breakdown of all enzymatic and non-enzymatic components, and their functions) the food item will occur, and the tissue/organ structures responsible for generating those secretions.

Describe the role of the bifunctional enzyme in the reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Proteins are chains of amino acids. There are twenty different types of naturally occurring amino acids, and all organisms must have all twenty of them in order to survive. In this project we will be discussing the amino acid leucine. What are the two possible methods that a cell may employ to be certain that it has each of the 20 amino acids?

RNA is partly made of the base uracil. What are the two possible methods that a cell may employ to be certain that it has uracil?

Suppose that you have a particular S. cerevisiae mutant strain that cannot make the amino acid leucine. Will the strain grow on a YPD plate? What about a SD plate? How could you modify the SD plate to allow this strain to grow

Give 4 examples of pairs of polar amino acids that might be substituted for each other with little effect on protein function due to the amino acids having the same functional group. For each pair, name the functional group they have in common.

10.) In complex eukaryotes, what relationships exist between these DNA elements?

a. Centromeres, tandemly repeated DNA and constitutive heterochromatin

b.Interphase chromosomes, mitotic chromosomes, nucleosomes, histones.

c. Supercoiling and chromatin

11.) Which of the following statements is true?

a. Histones are an example of a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein.

b. The majority of human DNA is not known to be useful to our cells.

c. Human females have 23 different chromosomes, whereas human males have 24.

d. Because nucleosomes play a key role in packaging DNA into chromosomes, they bind to the DNA molecule very tightly and, once they are assembled, they cannot be moved.

e. A nucleosome consists of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins, plus a short segment of linker DNA.

f. Nucleosomes are found only in mitotic chromosomes.

g. Histone proteins have a high proportion of positively charged amino acids, which bind tightly to the negatively charged DNA backbone.

12.) Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) is an enzyme that non-specifically cuts exposed DNA in its phosphodiester backbone. Brief digestion of eukaryotic chromatin with micrococcal nuclease gives DNA fragments ~200 bp long. You repeat the experiment, but incubate the samples for a longer period of time. This longer digestion yields 146 bp fragments. Why? Explain, using a diagram of the packaging of DNA by histone proteins into the basic unit of chromatin.

An 80 kg man who has poor kidney function, but not on dialysis, needs this much protein in his diet:

A. 40-48 g protein/day

B. 48-64 g protein/day

C. 80-96 g protein/day

D. 96-112 g protein/day

The roles of CCK and Secretin produced by the duodenum in response to dietary protein includes all these, except:

A. Stimulate pancreas to release digestive enzymes

B. Stumulate gall bladder to release bile

C. Stimulate faster stomach emptying

Which of the following is NOT true about distribution of amino acids?

A. After absorption from the duodenum, amino acids immediately enter the systemic circulation

B. Liver completes most deamination and transamination reactions

C. Uptake of amino acids into cells requires insulin

D. Amino acide absorption into the blood causes pancreas to release insulin

E. All of the above are true

Which of the following is NOT true about cellular metabiolism of amino acids?

A. Excess amino acids get stored for later

B. Ammonia is converted to urea by the liver

C. Urea is excreted by the kidneys

D. Ammonia is not an excretable waste molecule

Why is redundancy built in the DNA code? Can a triplet codon for more than one amino acid or can amino acids be synthesized by more than one triplet of codons? How many codons code for 20 amino acids?

Why does mRNA have to be processed in eukaryotes and what does involve?

What translates the DNA message and how? Explain what tRNA does. How is it possible to have 45 tRNA but 61 mRNA to code for the same amino acids?

Explain how a ribosome works to generate a protein. Be sure to start with 2 ribosomal subunits coming together, and include the A,P,E sites in your explanation.

Explain the meaning of genetic code, and describe how the genetic code functions.
a. Explain the one gene-one polypeptide theory.
b. The DNA sequence of a gene determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. What studies have demonstrated this relationship?
c. In what molecule are codons found? How many nucleotides are in each codon? How many nucleotides are available to make up each codon? How many different types of codons are possible? How many amino acids are specified by one codon? Theoretically, how many different amino acids could be coded? How many different amino acids are available? Given this information, is it possible that each amino acid is coded by more than one codon?
d. Would a mutation involving deletion of one nucleotide affect the amino acid sequence of the corresponding peptide? Would deletion of a sequence of three nucleotides have a similar effect? What does this fact say about the nature of the genetic code?

(please answer all the questions above thank you!)