Question 14

1. Strategie(s) that neutralize reciprocity strategies include:

   	A.	refuse to bargain with individuals who use high-pressure tactics
   	B.	examine the intent of any favor-giving activities
   	C.	confront the individual who is using manipulative bargaining tactics
   	D.	All of the above are correct
   	E.	None of the above are correct

2 points   

QUESTION 15

1. The integrative model of motivation enhancement discussed in the textbook has four basic elements that are illustrated as follows: Satisfaction --> Performance --> Outcomes --> Motivation.

   True

   False

2 points   

QUESTION 16

1. Which of the following approaches is suggested by the textbook as a way to neutralize retribution strategies used by others?

   	A.	use countervailing power to shift dependence to interdependence
   	B.	avoid confronting the exploiting individual directly
   	C.	use an integrative bargaining approach
   	D.	listen actively to the exploiting individual
   	E.	attempt to reason with the exploiting individual

In this article, researchers evaluated links between playing golf and the risk of stroke, heart attack, or death.

Golfing at least once a month may lower a person's risk of early death, according to new research presented on Wednesday at the American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2020.
The sport, a favorite of presidents from Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge to Barack Obama, and Donald Trump is a gentle activity, with very few opportunities for high-intensity exercise.
But the study, by researchers at the University of Missouri, found any activity that gets older adults active and socializing monthly, weekly or daily is enough to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack.
Researchers analyzed 10 years of data on 5,900 over-65-year-olds between 1989 and 1999, all of whom visited a clinic every six months.
They found that just 8.1% of the 384 golfers (people who golfed at least once a month) had strokes over the 10 years, compared to 15.1% of the non-golfers. Also, 9.8% of the golfers had heart attacks, compared to 24.6% of the non-golfers.
The results, the researchers said, are significant — but added it is also significant that golf is a sport that attracts wealthy people, who tend to have better healthcare and lower risks of strokes and heart attacks.
Some 25 million Americans play golf, which can reduce stress and offer an opportunity for regular exercise.
But that's not enough to satisfy the US Department of Health that they're getting real exercise: it is not on the government's list of sports that qualify as legitimate ways to work out.
Golf burns more calories than fishing or canoeing, but that is only for people playing without carts or caddies. It can even be played with a broken leg, as Tiger Woods did in 2009.
As such, golf has inspired fierce debates over whether it qualifies as a sport. Golf was even removed from the Olympic games for 112 years between 1904 and 2016.
"Golf isn't a sport; it's a skill much like bowling," lawyer Larry Atkins wrote in a controversial op-ed for The Chicago Tribune in 2002 after Tiger Woods won his third Masters. "It's an activity that older people take up when their knees go bad and they can't play real sports like basketball, baseball and football anymore."
For lead study author Adnan Qureshi, professor of neurology at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, the findings clearly show goal is beneficial.
"The US Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans does not yet include golf in the list of recommended physical activities," Qureshi said. "Therefore, we are hopeful our research findings could help to expand the options for adults to include golf."

1. Provide a null and one-tailed hypothesis for the association between playing golf and heart attacks and calculate a Z statistic and p value for your null and one-tailed hypotheses (4 points)

In the article, researchers evaluated links between playing golf and the risk of stroke, heart attack, or death. Golfing at least once a month may lower a person's risk of early death, according to new research presented on Wednesday at the American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2020.
The sport, a favorite of presidents from Woodrow Wilson and Calvin Coolidge to Barack Obama, and Donald Trump is a gentle activity, with very few opportunities for high-intensity exercise.
But the study, by researchers at the University of Missouri, found any activity that gets older adults active and socializing monthly, weekly or daily is enough to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack.
Researchers analyzed 10 years of data on 5,900 over-65-year-olds between 1989 and 1999, all of whom visited a clinic every six months.
They found that just 8.1% of the 384 golfers (people who golfed at least once a month) had strokes over the 10 years, compared to 15.1% of the non-golfers. Also, 9.8% of the golfers had heart attacks, compared to 24.6% of the non-golfers.
The results, the researchers said, are significant — but added it is also significant that golf is a sport that attracts wealthy people, who tend to have better healthcare and lower risks of strokes and heart attacks.
Some 25 million Americans play golf, which can reduce stress and offer an opportunity for regular exercise.
But that's not enough to satisfy the US Department of Health that they're getting real exercise: it is not on the government's list of sports that qualify as legitimate ways to work out.
Golf burns more calories than fishing or canoeing, but that is only for people playing without carts or caddies. It can even be played with a broken leg, as Tiger Woods did in 2009.
As such, golf has inspired fierce debates over whether it qualifies as a sport. Golf was even removed from the Olympic games for 112 years between 1904 and 2016.
"Golf isn't a sport; it's a skill much like bowling," lawyer Larry Atkins wrote in a controversial op-ed for The Chicago Tribune in 2002 after Tiger Woods won his third Masters. "It's an activity that older people take up when their knees go bad and they can't play real sports like basketball, baseball and football anymore."
For lead study author Adnan Qureshi, professor of neurology at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, the findings clearly show goal is beneficial.
The US Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans does not yet include golf in the list of recommended physical activities, Qureshi said. Therefore, we are hopeful our research findings could help to expand the options for adults to include golf.

1.   In the article, what two groups are being compared? (2 points)

2.   What are the response variables? How were they measured? (4 points)

3.   Calculate and interpret the difference of proportions for a) heart attacks and b) strokes (4 points)

Review each of the following scenarios. The first individual mentioned is the primary taxpayer. Assume this person is a U.S. citizen and not a dependent of anyone else. Then, given the information provided, select the response that describes a taxpayer who may file as head of household.

Clint lived with his ex-wife, Mary, and his 17-year-old stepson, Brad, for the first five months of the year. During that time, Clint paid more than 50% of the costs of supporting the household. In May 2017, the couple divorced, and Mary and Brad moved out.

Janelle has been raising April, age 6. April's mother, Denise, used to live with Janelle and April, but Denise moved out in 2015 and has not been heard from since. The whereabouts of April's father are also unknown. Janelle and April are not related, and Janelle does not have formal custody, but she cares for April as if she were her own. No one else lives in their household, and Janelle provides all of April's support.

Tracy is a 21-year-old single taxpayer. Two years ago, her 19-year-old sister, Stacy, moved in with her because Stacy was not getting along with her parents. Stacy earned $12,000 in 2017 and was a full-time student. Tracy provided more than half of Stacy's support.

James, age 36, lives with his 62-year-old father, Martin. Martin has health issues and did not earn any income in 2017. James and Martin lived together all year, and James provided all of Martin's support. Martin's 60-year-old wife, Loretta, lived apart from them. Loretta earned $20,000 during the year and has a tax liability. Martin and Loretta are filing a joint return.

Indicate whether each of the following desired transactions would increase the demand for or the supply of foreign currency units (FCU) in the FX market and whether it would constitute upward (UP) or downward (DOWN) pressure on the price of the FCU (in USD terms) [Hint: The U.S. is the home country and demand and supply of FCU are relative to the USD]

Suppose you wanted to estimate the average household income of all Grand Canyon University (GCU) students. To expedite the process, you only gather household income data from all your friends who major in business at GCU. You then calculate the average income among your friends and report that it represents the average income of all GCU students. Is this a good approach? If not, how would you gather data to derive a better estimate? Explain your answer.

Zachary Company began operations on January 1, 2018, by issuing common stock for $37,000 cash. During 2018, Zachary received $56,200 cash from revenue and incurred costs that required $37,200 of cash payments.

Prepare a GAAP-based income statement and balance sheet for Zachary Company for 2018, under each of the following independent scenarios:

Zachary is a manufacturing company. The $37,200 was paid to purchase the following items:

(1) Paid $3,200 cash to purchase materials that were used to make products during the year.

(2) Paid $3,860 cash for wages of factory workers who made products during the year.

(3) Paid $8,940 cash for salaries of sales and administrative employees.

(4) Paid $21,200 cash to purchase manufacturing equipment. The equipment was used solely to make products. It had a four-year life and a $2,400 salvage value. The company uses straightline depreciation.

(5) During 2014, Lang started and completed 2,400 units of product. The revenue was earned when Lang sold 1,900 units of product to its customers.

On page 3-7 (Section 3-1b, Standard Deduction), the text notes that individuals are allowed “additional standard deductions” if they are age 65 or older or if they are blind. On page 3-8, the text notes that the amount of a taxpayer’s basic standard deduction may be limited to the greater of $1,050 or the sum of $350 plus the taxpayer’s earned income if the taxpayer may be claimed as a dependent on another taxpayer’s return.

1. What are the rules for determining if an individual is 65 or older for purposes of claiming an additional standard deduction on his or her calendar 2018 return?
2. What are the rules for determining whether an individual is blind for purposes of claiming an additional standard deduction on his or her calendar 2018 return?
3. If an individual can be claimed as a dependent on another person’s return, what reductions, if any, must be made to the amounts of his or her additional standard deductions for being age 65 or older or for being blind?