1) An elementary school teacher is interested in assessing the effectiveness of a new technique for the students to learn their spelling words. He learns a new technique over the summer and is eager to find out if it really works better. He wants to be able to make a comparison and knows he needs two groups. He decides that he will use the new technique for the group of students learning the harder spelling words and the old technique for those learning the easier spelling words. He compares average spelling performance for the two techniques. What is the biggest threat to the internal validity?

A) testing effect

B) history effect

C) attrition / maturation effect

D) selection effect

2) In this example, identify a confounding variable:

A nutritionist is investigating the effects of eating oatmeal for breakfast. He asks all of his participants to eat about 350 calories for breakfast every day for six months. He assigns the experimental group to eat oatmeal with honey. He asks the control group to eat anything other than oatmeal and honey. He then tests their blood levels for cholesterol and other substances.

A) eating oatmeal

B) eating honey

C) eating 350 calories for breakfast

D) eating breakfast

3) In this example, identify a confounding variable:

A school psychologist hypothesizes that fear negatively influences test performance. To test this, one group of 100 students watches a video containing fear provoking images of spiders crawling on people. The other group of 100 students listens to soothing jazz music. Both groups take a test of their general knowledge.

A) fear

B) students

C) school psychologist

D) visual stimulation

Organizations that emphasize social responsibility and adhere to a set or corporate ethics will likely gain competitive advantages in the market place and avoid costly litigation and loss of reputation. Due to high levels of corporate fraud in the 1990s with companies such as Enron and Global Crossing, Congress passed the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 that set new increased standards for the boards of public U.S. companies and accounting firms. Read the different sections and provisions of the Sarbanes Oxley Act at the following link. http://www.soxlaw.com/ Discuss your overall thoughts on the Sarbanes Oxley Act and the provision that you feel is the most effective and why. Additionally do you believe that executives will become more ethical based on the legislation? Why or why not?

Select the taxpayer who is an eligible educator for the educator expenses deduction.

Kris is a teacher's aide at John F. Kennedy Elementary School. She worked 671 hours in 2018. Kris spent $127 on supplies she used in the classroom. She was not reimbursed for her expenses.

Frieda is a kindergarten teacher at Lakeview Elementary School. She worked 1,080 hours in 2018. Frieda spent $427 on supplies for her classroom. She was not reimbursed for her expenses.

Cami homeschooled her five children, Summer, Renna, Jaquin, Julie, and Benji. She taught her children for 1,187 hours in 2018. Cami spent $753 on curriculum for her children. She was not reimbursed for her expenses.

Heidi is the principal at New Haven Elementary School. She worked 855 hours in 2018. Heidi spent $427 on books and supplies for two classrooms with new teachers. She was not reimbursed for her expenses.

Mark for follow up

Why did most countries of Latin America fall into a debt crisis in the early 1980s? Discuss the general problem of a “debt trap” and national dollar capital inflows and outflows. Then discuss 2 general trends of the 1970s and 2 specific trigger events of the 1980s which caused the crisis.

A very good comprehensive analysis of technological and legal competitiveness of the countries is published yearly by the world economic forum. Discuss the position of Mexico vs Latin America in the most relevant categories. (data set is posted in Canvas). Read: “13 facts about Mexico’s growing technology scene.”

JCPenney has recognized numerous opportunities to expand in foreign countries and has assessed many foreign markets, including Brazil, Greece, Mexico, Portugal, Singapore, and Thailand. It has opened new stores in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. In each case, the firm was aware that it did not have sufficient understanding of the culture of each country that it had targeted. Consequently, it engaged in joint ventures with local partners who knew the preference of the local customers.

a). What comparative advantage does JCPenney have when establishing a store in a foreign country, relative to an independent variety store?

b). Why might the overall risk of JCPenney decrease or increase as a result of its recent global expansion?

c). JCPenney has been more cautious about entering China. Explain the potential obstacles associated with entering China.

3. The following research studies were conducted as completely randomized designs with a single treatment factor. Identify: (1) the treatment factor, (2) the number of treatments, (3) the experimental unit, (4) the sampled population(s), and (5) the response variable (or dependent variable).

(a) Six secondary schools are randomly selected from the Georgetown Schools. Two schools are randomly assigned to each of three assessment methods. Scores for reading are obtained for each school at the end of the school year.

(b) The amount of lead is measured in the exhaust emissions of two new BMW E series, two new Toyota Premio and two new Nissan Xtrail. The autos were randomly selected from a single day's production run at each of the three auto factories where the autos were manufactured.

Problem 4. Suppose the weights of seventh-graders at a certain school vary according to a Normal distribution, with a mean of 100 pounds and a standard deviation of 7.5 pounds. A researcher believes the average weight has decreased since the implementation of a new breakfast and lunch program at the school. She finds, in a random sample of 35 students, an average weight of 98 pounds.

What is the P-value for an appropriate hypothesis test of the researcher’s claim?

Case Study I

HAIER’s foray into International Markets :

In the late 1990s, the Haier group (Haier) was the leader in the Chinese consumer appliances market (with a 39.7%, 50% and 37.1% market share in refrigerators, air-conditioners and washing machines respectively in December 1998). But deflation in the Chinese economy slowed sales.

ut deflation in the Chinese economy slowed sales growth from 50% in 1998 to around 30% in 1999. Haier decided to look for new markets. Since the US had a large demand for consumer appliances, Haier entered the US market in 1999. Analysts were doubtful about Haier's acceptability to American consumers, as there was a general perception in the US that Chinese goods were of low quality. Haier, however, was confident that with its product differentiation strategy it would be able to create a positive image for its products among the American public. In the early 2000s, the consumer appliances market in the US started hotting up as Haier entered the market. By 2009, Haier products were sold in 9 of the 10 top retail chains in the US.

With Wal-Mart agreeing to stock Haier products, many analysts believed that Haier would be able to shake up the US consumer appliances market. In 2009, Haier had a 6% market share in the US refrigerator market; it stated that it was aiming for a 15% market share by 2015.

The history of Haier dates back to 1984 when Ruimin Zhang (Zhang), a bureaucrat with the local government was asked to take charge of Qingdao General Refrigerator Factory, a state-owned enterprise that is manufacturing refrigerators for sale in China. When Zhang took over the management, the company was on the brink of bankruptcy, with no funds to pay the salaries of its employees or to invest in new product development. When Zhang took charge of the company, he realized that the company did not look after the quality of its products; nor did it bother about customer satisfaction. In 1985, Zhang started importing technology from a German firm and began manufacturing technically sophisticated refrigerators.

Zhang emphasized the elements of customer satisfaction and quality control in the company. In 1985, when a customer complained about the poor performance of his refrigerator, Zhang conducted a quality check and found that out of 400 refrigerators inspected, 76 were defective.

He had all the defective refrigerators destroyed with a sledge-hammer. According to Zhang, this made the workers realize that quality is of only two types - acceptable and unacceptable. In 1989, the company changed its name to Qindao Refrigerator Co. Ltd., and it was restructured with funds raised from banks and government agencies. In 1991, the company once again changed its name to Qindao Haier Group Co. and in the same year it merged with Qingdao Air-conditioner Plant and Qingdao Freezer General Plant. In 1992, the company set up Qingdao Freezing Equipment Co. In the same year, it merged with another previously state-owned enterprise Qingdao Condenser Factory, which manufactured refrigerator condensers.

In the same year it became the first company in China to get ISO 9001 certification, and the company's name was changed to the Haier Group. In 1993, Haier went in for an IPO of RMB 50 million and got listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE).

During the mid-1990s, Haier began to grow through mergers and acquisitions. In 1995, it merged with Red Star Electric Appliance Company (and five of its subsidiaries). This company manufactured washing machines. It also acquired Wuhan Elec-appliance Co., which manufactured freezers and air conditioners. Between 1995 and 1997, Haier acquired seven companies and started exporting its goods to foreign markets.

By 1997, Haier was the number one consumer appliances brand in China and the market leader in all its product segments, which included refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens and freezers and its revenues were reported at $1.15 billion (10 billion Yuan)...

Haier's Competitors in the US Market

USA was the world's largest and most competitive market for consumer appliances. The consumer appliances market can be segmented on the basis of products into kitchen appliances and home comfort products. Included in kitchen appliances are products such as dishwashers, disposers, compactors, food preservation appliances, refrigerators, freezers etc.

In the home comfort segment are included products such as room air-conditioners and dehumidifiers. The home appliances market in the US was dominated by American companies, namely GE Appliances (a subsidiary of General Electricals), Whirlpool and Maytag. The only strong foreign player in this market was Sweden's Electrolux. GE Appliances, Whirlpool, Maytag and Electrolux together accounted for around 98% of the 9 million standard refrigerators sales in the US every year. In the 1990s, many Asian players such as LG Electronics and Samsung entered the US market in a big way. The big four companies in the US market concentrated on the high- end market comprising full-size refrigerators and washing machines, since the margins in this segment were high...

Strategies in the US Market

Haier decided to compete with the US brands on the quality plank rather than on price. However, analysts felt that it would be very difficult for the company to win over American consumers who associated Chinese goods with low quality. To strengthen its presence in the US market, Haier adopted a localization strategy.

It opened a design center in the Los Angeles and employed US designers for designing its products for the US market. Haier also opened a marketing center in New York. The company focused on enhancing consumer awareness about the company and its products. Commenting on Haier's strategy, Zhang said, "We want consumers to feel that Haier is the one company that comes closest to satisfying their needs." For instance, none of the consumer appliances companies in the US offered a compact refrigerator to satisfy demand from college students who could not afford normal size refrigerators...

Going High-End

Most analysts felt that Haier would feel the real competition only when it entered the high-end market. In the compact refrigerator segment, Haier did not face much competition from established players in the US, who did not focus on the low margin segment.

However, the major US players were keeping track of Haier's activities. Commenting on the competition from Haier, GE Appliances Chief Executive, Jim Campbell said, "I take it very seriously. They may be producing only 200,000 refrigerators per year now, but that's going to get bigger."

On the negative side, some analysts felt that Haier lacked the brand image to make a dent in the high-end segment. They pointed out that in general US consumers were brand-conscious, and this was especially true in the case of high-end products. The lack of a positive brand image in this consumer segment would probably make it difficult for Haier to succeed in the high-end markets. Analysts felt that Haier had an additional weakness in its distribution and service centers...

Future Prospects

Despite a few reservations, analysts too were, by and large, upbeat about the company because of its strong performance in breaking into the American market in a short time.

Said Nicholas Heymann of Prudential Securities, "Over five years, it could become a force." With quality products and lower prices, it was felt that Haier would be able to garner a sizeable market share in the US. Haier's experience in the geographically vast and diversified Chinese market would serve it well in catering to the US market.

However, a major worry for Haier is how to fund its expansion plans. Increasing competition in the domestic markets is bringing Haier's finances under pressure.

Questions 4:

What should be the marketing strategies that Haier should employ in Emerging Markets, Maturing Markets and Declining Markets ? Explain the reasons behind it.