Discuss in extensive detail the Brønsted-Lowry model of acids and bases including equations for the - a. The definition of Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases b. Application of this model to non-aqueous solvents and gas phase reactions c. Relation between acid-strength and solvents d. Factors that influence the strengths of acids and bases

2) The initial rate for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has been determined at a number of substrate concentrations. Data are given below. [S](mu*M) 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 vo (mu*Mmin-1) 21 62 92 126 185 210 217 a) Estimate Vmax and Km from a direct graph of vo vs [S] (Michaelis-Menton plot). b) Use a Lineweaver-Burk plot to analyze the same data. What are the values of Vmax and Km? c) If the total enzyme concentration is 100 pM, what is kcat? d) Calculate kcat/Km for this enzyme. Is the enzyme an efficient enzyme?

Coronado industries is planning to sell 1100 boxes of ceramic tile, with production estimated at 670 boxes during May. each box of tile requires 44 pounds of clay mix and a 0.5 hour of direct labor. clay mix costs 0.4 per pound and employees of the company are paid 14 per hour. manufacturing overhead is applied at a rate of 110% of direct labor costs. Coronado has 4400 pounds of clay mix in beginning inventory and wants to have 5000 pounds in ending inventory. what is the total amount to be budgeted in pounds for direct materials to be purchased for the month?

49000

30080

29480

28880

2) A sugar named sugarose induces synthesis of two enzymes from the sug operon of E. coli. Mutations that affect the appearance of these enzymes were mapped to four adjacent loci (A, B, C, and D) in the order A B C D on the E. coli chromosome. Deletion mutants were characterized in haploids and partial diploids, and the results are shown below. (Here, I = enzyme induced normally, i.e., synthesized only in the presence of the inducer; C = enzyme synthesized constitutively; 0 = enzyme cannot be detected.) Deduce which of the following represents enzyme 1, enzyme 2, a promoter, and a repressor.

                                                     Enzyme 1                       Enzyme 2

A^- B⁺ C⁺ D⁺                                                                      I                                   0

A⁺ B^- C⁺ D⁺                                              0                                  I

A⁺ B⁺ C^- D⁺                                             0                                  0

A⁺ B⁺ C⁺ D^-                                              C                                  C

A⁺ B^- C⁺ D⁺ / A^- B⁺ C⁺ D⁺                                   I                                   I

A⁺ B^- C^- D⁺ / A^- B⁺ C⁺ D⁺                           I                                   0

A^- B⁺ C^- D⁺ / A⁺ B^- C⁺ D⁺                                         0                                  I

A^- B⁺ C⁺ D⁺/ A⁺ B^- C⁺ D^-                            I                                   I

After establishing the protein expression laboratory for your company, you have been asked to produce human insulin protein in bacteria. Although you do not have to worry about purification (that is another lab), you do have to express the protein at sufficiently high levels. Note that the gene has already been placed behind a bacterial promoter to allow for bacterial transcription. Answer the following questions regarding this expression:

a) What component or components of the insulin gene will need to be changed in order to get proper expression in bacteria? Why?

b) What would happen if the 5’ cap of the RNA could not be added? Why?  

c) What would happen if GTPase (an enzyme that converts GTP to GDP) activity was blocked? Why?

Bone marrow or cancer cells are constantly dividing, i.e., they are in constant need of fatty acids for synthesizing membranes of the progenitor cells. How do these make sure that: (a) there is sufficient acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm for fatty acids synthesis, (b) there is sufficient NADPH in the cytoplasm and (c) fatty acids are not degraded via β-oxidation?

Many foods we consume are enriched with iron and calcium as well as Omega 3 fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6) are essential fatty acids. Good sources of omega-3 fatty acids are walnuts, canola oil, flaxseed oil, or fish oil. Omega-6 fatty acids are much easier to find as they are in many foods. Based on your reading in this chapter how important do you think enriched cereals or other products are to a healthy diet?

This is a descriptions of a mutation designed to give an individual super powers/abilities. Answer all parts of the question in essay style. Use biochemistry concepts and connections for answers. Don't contain irrelevant information in the answer.

Since Avengers have returned life back to near normal, in the future, Shuri is designing genetic mutations that will make non-enhanced avengers faster and stronger, mainly important for Sam Wilson. She created a strain of genetically engineered mice that mimic human metabolism exactly. They have all the intermediates, pathways, and enzymes found in humans. The first step for her lab is to test the mutations out on these mice to see if they have any unintended consequences. All mutations are being designed to give enhanced ATP production, during periods of activity, & muscle synthesis during periods of rest.

One proposed mutation is in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1. The mutation would would prevent malonyl CoA from interacting with this protein in liver cells. One unexpected side effect is that mice with the CPT1 mutation have developed oddly high levels of ketone bodies after long periods of rest. This occurs, unless they have also been fed a diet high in carbohydrates during this rest period. It is also determined that carnitine supplementation leads to even more ATP synthesis, even though the supplementation doesnt't help reduce ketone body formation during periods of rest and actually makes it worse.

Answer these questions thoroughly:

1. Why do the mutated mice develop oddly high levels of ketone bodies after extensive periods of rest? How does a diet high in carbohydrate help lower the ketone bodie concentration?  In your answer explain how the mutation changes the enzyme's activity.

2. Explain the negative affects of carnitine supplementation (for example, increase in ketone body synthesis).

3. Can this mutation give an increased ability to synthesize nonessential amino acids while being at rest? Explain

Using the data in the table, calculate the rate constant of this reaction.

A+B⟶C+DA+B⟶C+D

?=k=

Units