Many adverse drug reactions occur because of the activity of drugs as inducers and/or inhibitors of key metabolic enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 family. Explain how a drug can be an enzyme inducer and how it is possible for a drug to be both an enzyme inhibitor and an enzyme inducer.

Fill in the blanks below with the following terms. (some terms will be used more than once and other terms will not be used at all)

(Acetylcholine, Cholecystokinin, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), Gastrin, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Histamine, Secretin, Somatostatin, chylomicrons, HDLs, LDLs, VLDLs, Cephalic, Gastric, Intestinal,)

a. __VLDLs__ are low density lipoproteins carrying more triglycerides than cholesterol.

b. ________, _________ and __________ are secreted into the bloodstream in response to amino acids in the digestive tract.

c. __________, __________ and __________ increase H+ secretion from parietal cells.

d. __Chylomicrons__ are the lowest density of lipoproteins taken up by lacteals.

e.________, ________ and __________ decrease H+ secretion from parietal cells.

f. _________ and _________ are hormones that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic Beta cells.

g. The ________ phase of digestion occurs from stimuli in the stomach while the ________ phase of stimulation can be started by simply seeing or smelling food.

h. Gastric motility and emptying is increased by __________ while it is slowed by __________, _________ and _________.

i. __HDLs__ are lipoproteins used for removing excess cholesterol from the body.

j. Very low pH in the stomach stimulates _____________ to _________ (increase/decrease) gastrin release while higher pH than normal leads to a(n) ______ (increase/decrease) of gastrin secretion from G-cells.

k. The hormone ___________ stimulates pepsinogen secretion from the gastric mucosa while the hormone _________ stimulates pancreatic protease secretions like trypsinogen, and chymotrypsiongen.

l. __LDLs__ are lipoproteins comprised of the largest amount of cholesterol and are considered ‘bad cholesterol’.

m. The hormone ___________ stimulates smooth muscle contractions of the stomach and small intestine.

n. Secretion of the hormone ___________ is stimulated by fatty acids and promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contractions.

2. A difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is that
   1. gluconeogenesis takes place in the mitochondria
   2. gluconeogenesis uses 14 steps to 10 for glycolysis
   3. gluconeogenesis uses GTP
   4. gluconeogenesis produces more energy than glycolysis

3. In the muscle, hexokinase will be inhibited by
   1. low levels of ATP
   2. high levels of glucose 6-phosphate
   3. low levels of glucose 6-phosphate
   4. high levels of fructose 6-phosphate

4. Formation of fructose 6-phosphate requires the aa
   1. Lys                  b. Glu             c. Cys             d. Ser

5. Of dietary glycogen and endogenous glycogen one can say that
   1. both can be converted to glucose 1-phosphate
   2. endogenous glycogen is converted to glucose 6-phosphate directly
   3. endogenous glycogen is hydrolyzed by a-amylase
   4. only dietary glycogen is converted to glucose 1-phosphate

6.   Alcohol dehydrogenase uses as cofactor
   1. Mg²⁺                b. Fe²⁺                          c. Zn²⁺             d. Mn²⁺

will rate - thanks

1 - The retinoblastoma protein (RB or pRB) is an important checkpoint protein that blocks expression of cyclin E and cyclin A when it is not phosphorylated. What would be the consequence to the cell if the RB protein were mutated and could no longer be phosphorylated?

A: The cell would continuously replicate regardless of other signals

B: The cell could not progress through the cell cycle and replicate

2 - In the case of HER2 and the development of breast cancer, which of the following is TRUE?

A: The HER2 receptor is overexpressed on the surface of mammary cells.

B: The HER2 gene is required for metastasis of the malignant cells

3 - Which of the following statements about translation is/are TRUE?

A: Translation of mRNA into a protein requires cellular energy in the form of GTP

B: Transfer RNA that corresponds to the STOP codons carry a termination factor instead of amino acids

4 - Consider a protein destined to be located in the nucleus of the cell. Which of the following is FALSE?

A: The protein itself would contain a nuclear localization sequence (NLS)

B: The translation of nuclear protein must occur within the nucleus of the cell before translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum

1. Which of the following pressures must always be lower than the others in order to ensure proper lung ventilation?

• Atmospheric
• Intrapleural
• Alveolar
• Intrapulmonary

2. When blood leaves tissues that are more metabolically active than when at rest, the saturation of the hemoglobin would be:

• Exactly 75%
• 100%
• 0%
• Less than 75%

3. Hemoglobin can carry both oxygen and carbon dioxide because ---------------------

• When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen molecule is chemically altered, making it possible for carbon dioxide to bind to the oxygen molecule.
• They bind to different sites on the hemoglobin molecule.
• Both oxygen and carbon dioxide can bind to the same site on hemoglobin at the same time.
• Actually, they can’t both be carried at the same time on hemoglobin because they compete for the same binding site.

4. Which of the following is NOT likely to increase in activity in red blood cells as they travel through pulmonary capillaries in the lungs:

• Proton (H⁺) release from hemoglobin
• Carbon dioxide binding to amino acids of hemoglobin
• Bicarbonate ion movement into the cell
• Carbonic acid conversion to carbon dioxide and water

An​ automobile-manufacturing company is considering purchasing an industrial robot to do spot​ welding, which is currently done by skilled labor. The initial cost of the robot is

​$280000 and the annual labor savings are projected to be ​$178672. If​ purchased, the robot will be depreciated under MACRS as a​ five-year recovery property. The robot will be used for seven​ years, at the end of which​ time, the firm expects to sell it for ​$51000.The​ company's marginal tax rate is 26​%over the project period. Assume MARR =11​% Determine the net​ after-tax cash flows for each period over the project life

How can I get ATP and NADPH from DHAP using glycolysis and PPP?

Compare and contrast the steps of glycolysis and the Calvin cycle that share the same intermediates. Please be detail.

what are the differences and similarities between Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis , I need a detailed answer please?