The advantages of a relational database include limiting the amount of redundant data that are stored in a database. Why is this an important advantage? What can go wrong when redundant data are stored?

**** I need the answer with unique words .. thank you

In your own word, explain why do designers use Denormalization? What is the limitation of using Denormalization? Name and explain a better alternative approach than Denormalization.

Answer :

to increase performance. In computing, denormalization is the process of trying to improve the read performance of a database, at the expense of losing some write performance, by adding redundant copies of data or by grouping data.^[1][2] It is often motivated by performance or scalability in relational database software needing to carry out very large numbers of read operations. Denormalization differs from the unnormalized form in that denormalization benefits can only be fully realized on a data model that is otherwise normalized.

Denormalization is a database optimization technique in which we add redundant data to one or more tables. This can help us avoid costly joins in a relational database. Note that denormalization does not mean not doing normalization. It is an optimization technique that is applied after doing normalization.

In a traditional normalized database, we store data in separate logical tables and attempt to minimize redundant data. We may strive to have only one copy of each piece of data in database.
For example, in a normalized database, we might have a Courses table and a Teachers table.Each entry in Courses would store the teacherID for a Course but not the teacherName. When we need to retrieve a list of all Courses with the Teacher name, we would do a join between these two tables.
In some ways, this is great; if a teacher changes is or her name, we only have to update the name in one place.
The drawback is that if tables are large, we may spend an unnecessarily long time doing joins on tables.

I have explained each and every part of the first and third question only according to "Chegg guidelines when multiple questions are given then only first question needs to be answered" with the help of statements attached to the answer above.

* when to use a database instead of a flat file

* What the primary characteristics of a structured database

Use Rows (records)and Columns (Fields) to store records

* What is the difference between non-structured and semi-structured data

* What is the key structures in a relational database

* what is the differences between a primary key and a foreign key

a table in a database must have 1 primary key and can have several foreign keys

* Know the four commands used to manipulate data in a table and what they do

SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE

* Understand the commands for data definition

CREATE, ALTER, and DROP

Provide five specific examples of data anomalies (including at least one insert, update, and delete anomaly each) that might happen if your database were not in at least third normal form. Provide sample non-normalized data and tables, the action taken, and the resulting anomalous data. Explain why your design avoids each possible problem.

So currently I am working on some SQL with python which is linked to my database and I am stuck on a split problem. So in the program it connects to the database and then next you input either list, add, update, remove or allocate. So lets say I want to add a new data into the database you just need to write: update -name='Ava - #2' -class=2.

After you type this there is a variable called val which does the strip and split.

So as of right now what I have done is:

val = input('> ').strip().lower()
parts = val.split(' ')
print(parts)

So if I input the following: update -name="Nile Adam" -class=2

I expect the following output: ['update', '-name="Nile Adam"', '-class=2']

However the output I get is: ['update', '-name="Nile', 'Adam"', '-class=2']

need a code MIPS assembly language program to implement algorithms of an 8-bit integer "positive integer" to calculate the
square root for an-8 bit integer

using The Radix-2 SRT-Redundant and Non-Redundant Algorithm to approximate square root

When is the conceptual schema of a database changed?-

if we update data in the database

-if we alter the logical structure of the database

-if we retrieve data from the database

-if we alter the storage structure of the database

Which of the following has the same meaning as the outer union?

Group of answer choices

-the left outer (natural) join

-the right outer (natural) join

-the full outer (natural) join

-the inner (natural) join

Assume {A, B} is the primary key of relation schema R(A, B, C). Which of the following statements is NOT true:

Group of answer choices

{ A, B} must be unique

{A, B} must be a candidate key of R

A or B may have a NULL value

{A, B} must be a superkey

Which of the following examples is NOT an integrity constraint on a database:

Group of answer choices

A student name must be a string with a length ≤ 30

Database user ‘James’ cannot update data in the database

If two students have the same birthday, their ages must be the same

Every student must have a home address

Which of the following statements is true?

Group of answer choices

A foreign key may reference an attribute in its own relation

A relation can have only one foreign key

A foreign key cannot have a NULL value

A foreign key must reference the primary key of the referenced relation

The data dictionary in a database system is used to keep:

Group of answer choices

database schema

database instance

temporary data

final query result

Entities for a weak entity type can be uniquely identified by:

Group of answer choices

all attributes together of the weak entity type

the partial key of the weak entity type

a key of the owner entity type

the combination of (B) and (C)

1.Discuss the interdependence that exists between DSDLC stages.

2.How does normalization eradicate update anomalies from a relation?

3.The scope of database security extends beyond just DBMS controls. Discuss the role of the database administrator in database security and recovery.

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A successful transaction contains this operation.

update customer set balance = balance + 100;

The above operation causes the following actions to take place.

a) Write data to database file

b) Read data from database file into database buffer

c) Write data to log buffer d) Write data to the rollback segment

e) Write data to log file

f) Update data in data buffer

Q. Assume a successful transaction is committed. After which point (from the actions above) will the DBMS have to honour the transaction even if a system or media failure occurs shortly afterwards.

One of the characteristics of good relational database design is normalized tables. Discuss two ways in which normalization helps minimize data redundancy and anomalies such as insertion, deletion, and update anomalies.

What are some other characteristics of good database design?