15. Patients with Clostridium difficile infections have diarrhea and can have severe infections in their peritoneal cavities (peritonitis) and blood (sepsis). The diarrhea and widespread infections result, at least in part, from altered cell adhesions in cells lining the colon.
A. [2 pts] What type of cells line the colon, and what type of adhesion linking these cells is likely altered in difficile infection?
B. [4 pts] How could changes to the cell adhesions you listed in part A promote infections in the blood and peritoneal cavity? Explain your reasoning.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
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The study of learning derives from essentially two sources. Because learning involves the acquisition of knowledge, the first concerns the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things.... The second source in which modern learning theory is rooted concerns the nature and representation of mental life. References: |
The depiction and essence of mental life, the essential qualities of knowledge, and explanations for how knowledge is created provide for the origins of modern learning theory. Disagreement between theories of learning can often be traced to differences in one or more of these areas. |
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From reading educator-authors' revisions, and experiencing confusion myself surrounding how performance measures fit into a design case, I feel the problem arises from how new authors view design cases in relation to scientific experimental studies in education. A designer who is also a researcher must recognize the difference in perspective between a design case and an experimental study which uses a design for teaching and learning. References: |
Seeing the differences in viewpoint between a study that reports experimental results and a design case is a must for an individual who is both a designer and a researcher. Howard identifies this change of perspective as being critical to new authors of design cases. |
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While solitary negative reactions or unjustified suggestions for change have the potential to dissipate discourse rather than build it, the pattern analysis shows that the anonymous condition seemed to provide a safe explorative space for learners to try out more reasons for their multiple solutions. Teachers will rarely give anonymous feedback, but the experience of giving anonymous feedback may open a social space where learners can try out the reasons for their suggestions. References: |
Teachers don't often provide feedback anonymously, but the ability to provide feedback anonymously may create a context where the rationale associated with specific suggestions can be more safely explored (Howard, Barrett, & Frick, 2010). However, we cannot assume that all anonymous online spaces will serve as safe social spaces. |
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The new paradigm of education requires the student, teacher, and parents to be informed of what the student has actually learned at any point in time, to assure that progress is continuous and personalized, and to make good decisions about what to learn next. The recordkeeping tool of an information-age LMS will replace the current report card. References: |
Some have suggested approaches for replacing the current report card. For example, Reigeluth and colleagues (2008) suggest a recording-keeping tool that could inform key stake holders of the current state of a student's knowledge to facilitate good decision-making about what a student should study next. References: |
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It is when all our forces can move freely in us. In nature, this quality is almost automatic, because there are no images to interfere with natural processes of making things. But in all of our creations, the possibility occurs that images can interfere with the natural, necessary order of a thing. And, most of all, this way that images distort the things we make, is familiar in ourselves. References: |
When Alexander (1979) says that "in all of our creations, the possibility occurs that images can interfere with the natural, necessary order of a thing" (p. 48) he seems to imply that there is one unique right way possible to design a solution to a problem. While this perspective could be considered elitist, some of the most successful products are based on this premise. References: |
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In examining the history of the visionary companies, we were struck by how often they made some of their best moves not by detailed strategic planning, but rather by experimentation, trial and error, opportunism, and--quite literally--accident. What looks in hindsight like a brilliant strategy was often the residual result of opportunistic experimentation and "purposeful accidents." References: |
The variety of projects that Google undertakes, from Internet search to cars that drive themselves, could be considered lack of focus. However, perhaps Google recognizes that successful moves that looked like the result of "a brilliant strategy was often the residual result of opportunistic experimentation" (Collins & Porras, 2002, p. 141). References: |
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Merck, in fact, epitomizes the ideological nature--the pragmatic idealism--of highly visionary companies. Our research showed that a fundamental element in the "ticking clock" of a visionary company is a core ideology--core values and a sense of purpose beyond just making money--that guides and inspires people throughout the organization and remains relatively fixed for long periods of time. References: |
While some have identified Merck as a visionary company dedicated to a "core values and a sense of purpose beyond just making money" (Collins & Porras, 2002, p. 48), others point out corporate misdeeds perpetrated by Merck (e.g., its role in establishing a dubious medical journal that republished articles favorable to Merck products) as contradictory evidence. References: |
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Modifications that increase task difficulty are also presented to assist instructors in structuring developmental progressions for activities that reflect various net/wall games. For example, game modifications that require participants to strike a ball with a hand after a bounce are introduced before requiring participants to strike a ball with a racquet or with a hand without a bounce. References: |
One strategy for changing a task to decrease difficulty comes from physical education where "game modifications that require participants to strike a ball with a hand after a bounce are introduced before requiring participants to strike a ball with a racquet or with a hand without a bounce" (Mandigo & Anderson, 2003, p. 9). A participant may then be able to focus on other aspects of the game (e.g., strategy) or find that their anxiety about playing has decreased. References: |
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While solitary negative reactions or unjustified suggestions for change have the potential to dissipate discourse rather than build it, the pattern analysis shows that the anonymous condition seemed to provide a safe explorative space for learners to try out more reasons for their multiple solutions. Teachers will rarely give anonymous feedback, but the experience of giving anonymous feedback may open a social space where learners can try out the reasons for their suggestions. References: |
It is clear that "solitary negative reactions or unjustified suggestions for change have the potential to dissipate discourse" (Howard, Barrett, & Frick, 2010, p. 103). However, anonymity may give learners a context in which they can try providing solutions that are more thoroughly supported by an accompanying rational (Howard, Barrett, & Frick, 2010). Clearly, the positive and negative consequences that anonymity has on peer feedback must be considered. References: |
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It should be apparent that technology will play a crucial role in the success of the information-age paradigm of education. It will enable a quantum improvement in student learning, and likely at a lower cost per student per year than in the current industrial-age paradigm. Just as the electronic spreadsheet made the accountant's job quicker, easier, and less expensive, the kind of LMS described here will make the teacher's job quicker, easier, and less expensive. References: |
Introducing technology into the workplace does not automatically improve job performance. While managers may dream of lower costs, the introduction of technology may increase costs (especially in the short term) if using/learning the technology makes the individual's job harder. |
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In: Psychology
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Many students graduate from college not knowing what they want to do with their lives. We propose that students should be encouraged to think about life goals (not just career goals) from an early age and be encouraged to be constantly on the lookout for better goals. References: |
Unfortunately, I was not encouraged to think about life goals (not just career goals) from an early age or encouraged to be on the lookout for better goals (Reigeluth et al., 2008, p.34). Instead, my parents and teachers seemed to care more about trivial details like showing up to class on time. References: |
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Obviously, it is vitally important in the war of attrition that individuals should give no inkling of when they are going to give up. Anybody who betrayed, by the merest flicker of a whisker, that he was beginning to think of throwing in the sponge, would be at an instant disadvantage. References: |
In the game of survival between individuals in nature, indicating in any way that tossing in the towel is being seriously considered can be exploited by an adversary (Dawkins, 1989). |
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We shall take the simpleminded view that a theory is just a model of the universe, or a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make. It exists only in our minds and does not have any other reality (whatever that might mean). A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. References: |
A theory can be thought to exist only in our brains and lack any other form of tangible reality. This does not mean that theories are just fleeting thoughts, since they are comprised of a specific model of how things work and rules that associate model attributes to what we observe in the universe. |
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There is a desperate need for theorists and researchers to generate and refine a new breed of learning-focused instructional design theories that help educators and trainers to meet those needs, (i.e., that focus on learning and that foster development of initiative, teamwork, thinking skills, and diversity). The health of instructional-design theory also depends on its ability to involve stakeholders in the design process. Reference 1: Original Source Material 2
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Driscoll (2000) defines instruction broadly as "any deliberate arrangement of events to facilitate a learner's acquisition of some goal" (p. 25). In order to increase the effectiveness of instruction, there is a critical need for the creation and refinement of instructional design theories to aid those who seek to promote learning. According to Reigeluth (1999), "The health of instructional-design theory also depends on its ability to involve stakeholders in the design process" (p. 27). References: Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). What is instructional-design theory and how is it changing? In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory(Vol. II, pp. 5-29). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. |
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The philosophical position known as constructivism views knowledge as a human construction. The various perspectives within constructivism are based on the premise that knowledge is not part of an objective, external reality that is separate from the individual. Instead, human knowledge, whether the bodies of content in public disciplines (such as mathematics or sociology) or knowledge of the individual learner, is a human construction. References: |
Does knowledge exist outside of, or separate from, the individual who knows? Constructivists hold that human knowledge, whether the bodies of content in public disciplines (such as mathematics or sociology) or knowledge of the individual learner, is a human construction (Gredler, 2001).
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Pei is popularly known for the controversy surrounding his Grand Louvre Pyramid (1988), constructed in the courtyard of the Louvre (fig. 25.21). The Pyramid deliberately turns the tradition and concept of pyramid inside out. A pyramid is supposed to be solid, dark, and solitary--a mesmerizing symbol of the exotic world beyond the streets and cultures of Europe. References: |
We saw one of the highlights of the architectural tour of Paris as we approached the Louvre. The guide told us that Pei's Grand Louvre Pyramid deliberately turns the tradition and concept of pyramid inside out. When we got off the bus we were able to get a closer look at the glass pyramid and what was below it. |
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As a further example, APT queries and their results may be used to form rules for expert systems that become part of an intelligent computer-based instructional system. Such a system theoretically can optimize student learning by recommending instructional sequences (i.e., temporal patterns) that have high probabilities of resulting in student mastery. In other words, APT-based decision making by a computer program can provide an empirical foundation for artificial intelligence. References: |
One way that learning can be personalized is through the use of computers to aid in "recommending instructional sequences (i.e., temporal patterns) that have high probabilities of resulting in student mastery" (Frick, 1990, p. 202). However, the ability for computers to make appropriate decisions about instructional strategies is limited, in part, by the quality of information they have access to. References: |
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But what are reasonable outcomes of the influence of global processes on education? While the question of how global processes influence all aspects of education (and who controls these forces) is multidimensional and not completely testable, there appear to be some theories of globalization as it relates to education that can be empirically examined. References: |
The authors are not alone in asking “what are reasonable outcomes of the influence of global processes on education” (p.138). In fact, this same question provides the basis for the discussion that follows. |
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Suppose you study a group of successful companies and you find that they emphasize customer focus, or quality improvement, or empowerment; how do you know that you haven't merely discovered the management practice equivalent of having buildings? How do you know that you've discovered something that distinguishes the successful companies from other companies? You don't know. You can't know--not unless you have a control set, a comparison group. References: |
Attributes of rigorous research can be shared across subjects of study. For example, Collins and Porras (2002) highlight the importance of having a control group when comparing companies in any effort to identify what specific company characteristics are able to distinguish the successful from the ordinary. References: |
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Merck, in fact, epitomizes the ideological nature--the pragmatic idealism--of highly visionary companies. Our research showed that a fundamental element in the "ticking clock" of a visionary company is a core ideology--core values and a sense of purpose beyond just making money--that guides and inspires people throughout the organization and remains relatively fixed for long periods of time. References: |
Several factors can contribute to long-term organizational success. One is the establishment of a core ideology that Collins and Porras (2002) describe as "core values and sense of purpose beyond just making money" (p. 48). Also, the importance of a visionary leader that guides and inspires people throughout the organization and remains relatively fixed for long periods of time is hard to over emphasize. References: |
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In: Psychology
A researcher investigates the factors that are associated with the salaries of professors who teach courses at a major university. The researcher gathers data about the subject area and the salary per course for a random sample of professors. Data are found in the file Academic Salaries by Subject Area.
| Salary per course | Subject | Salary per course | Subject | Salary per course | Subject | Salary per course | Subject |
| 1700 | Humanities | 2500 | Social Sciences | 2700 | Engineering | 2500 | Managament |
| 1900 | Humanities | 2300 | Social Sciences | 2800 | Engineering | 2600 | Managament |
| 1800 | Humanities | 2600 | Social Sciences | 2900 | Engineering | 2300 | Managament |
| 2100 | Humanities | 2400 | Social Sciences | 3000 | Engineering | 2800 | Managament |
| 2500 | Humanities | 2700 | Social Sciences | 2800 | Engineering | 3300 | Managament |
| 2700 | Humanities | 2400 | Social Sciences | 2700 | Engineering | 3400 | Managament |
| 2900 | Humanities | 2600 | Social Sciences | 3700 | Engineering | 3300 | Managament |
| 2500 | Humanities | 2400 | Social Sciences | 3600 | Engineering | 3500 | Managament |
| 2600 | Humanities | 2500 | Social Sciences | 3700 | Engineering | 3600 | Managament |
| 2800 | Humanities | 3500 | Social Sciences | 3800 | Engineering | ||
| 2700 | Humanities | 3300 | Social Sciences | 3900 | Engineering | ||
| 2900 | Humanities | 3600 | Social Sciences | ||||
| 3400 | Social Sciences |
In: Statistics and Probability
Case Study Report
The last 40 years in Australia has seen a blurring of the three categories (between tax planning, tax avoidance and tax evasion), in particular, the distinction between [what constitutes] tax avoidance and tax evasion” (Xynas, 2011). Alongside economic globalization, the recent decades have witnessed the rise of transfer pricing that facilitates the free movement of capital and tax avoidance (Hampton & Sikka, 2005; Sikka, 2017). In conventional accounting literature, transfer pricing is portrayed as a technique for optimal allocation of costs and revenues… Such representations… simultaneously acknowledge and occlude how it is deeply implicated in processes of wealth retentiveness that enable companies to avoid taxes and facilitate the light of capital” (Sikka & Willmot, 2010, p.342).
REQUIRED: (1) Discuss the overlaps and distinctions among tax planning, tax avoidance, and tax evasion, with particular reference (but not limited) to Xynas (2011). (500 words excluding bibliography).
(2) Explain and evaluate the concept of transfer pricing and how it relates to the above quotes. You should address the issues including (but not limited to) the social, political, financial and ethical implications on business and broader society (1500 words excluding bibliography). Students are required to reference at least ten (10) academic journal articles.
Suggested readings: Hampton, M.P. & Sikka, P. (2005), ‘Tax avoidance and global development’, Accounting Forum, vol.41, no.4, pp.245-248.
Sikka, P. & Willmott, H. (2010), ‘The dark side of transfer pricing: Its role in tax avoidance and wealth retentiveness’, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, vol.21, no.4, pp.342-356.
Sikka, P. (2017), ‘Accounting and taxation: Conjoined twins or separate siblings?’, Accounting Forum, vol.41, pp.390-405.
In: Accounting
Q6. Essay: Medical School Admission---
Revisit Answer the following question in an argumentative essay. A medical school has received 300 applications from students who want to enrol. The school has the capacity to accept only 120 new students. All the 300 applicants have at least the minimum academic requirements. All have sent cheques for the $6,000.00 tuition fee. Since the number of applicants exceeded the number of slots, there is scarcity and a need to determine which applicants will be admitted and which will not. It is important to recognize that each of these allocation mechanisms, institutions, or governance alternatives will likely result in a different class composition, i.e., a different 120 students granted admission. Which allocation mechanism do you think is the best? Present your answer in the framework of economics (maximum of 200 words). Note: Unlike the last essay question (Assignment 1 Problem 5), your logic affects the grade for this essay question. This question asks you if you understand the economic concept we learned in this course. Make sure to proofread for typos and the like; obvious grammatical/spelling errors could lower your grade. To get a full credit, the following hint will help. Hint: Allocating school admission seats is different from allocating goods and services. The interesting issue is: which class is best from society’s perspective? That is actually a deeper or broader question that asks how we should allocate the talents of the 300 students, between using their time as doctors or in a next best alternative. Would it not be great if the allocation mechanism resulted in their first best choice for their time also being the first best choice for society? Is it possible that each student’s best choice might also be the best choice from society’s perspective? Could private interest and social interest be the same?
In: Economics
1. What is the goal of inferential statistics?
a. To summarize data
b. Drawing conclusions about data
c. To quantify results
d. To generalize based on data
2. To determine if using a study guide is an effective tool for improving students’ understanding of statistical concepts, students either received (based on random assignment) a study guide or no study guide and subsequently took a test examining their knowledge on various statistical concepts. In this study, the presence/absence of the study guide is:
a. The independent variable
b. The dependent variable
c. The extraneous variable
d. The random variable
3. The above study (in question 2) can best be described as:
a. An experiment
b. A correlational study
c. A survey
d. One involving two variables that are manipulated.
4. Explain the goal of experimental studies.
5. Explain the key features of experimentation that
a. enables it to accomplish that goal.
6. What is one limitation of correlational studies in relation to experimental studies?
a. The lack of generalizability to human populations.
b. The small sample size.
c. The inability to provide information on causal relations.
d. The lack of a clear cut conclusion
8. What are the two reasons that limit the ability of correlational studies to provide information on causal relations between measured variables?
9. Determining a college student’s academic major is an example of a(n)_____ scale of measurement.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
10. In a study, people’s weekly TV viewing time was classified as 1) less than 1 hour; 2) 1-2 hours, 3) 3-5 hours; 4) 6-10 hours, and 5) more than 10 hours. In this study, the measure of TV viewing times was what kind of measure?
a. A nominal measure
b. An ordinal measure
c. An interval measure
d. A ratio measure
In: Statistics and Probability
Exercise 9.2: Who is responsible for your career?
Who is responsible for developing a person’s career? According to a recent survey, there is disagreement about whether it should be the responsibility of an individual or an employer.
“The Real Story Behind Career Development: Who is Responsible?” is a joint research study conducted by EdAssist and the University of Phoenix to explore employees’ and managers’ perceptions of whose responsibility it is to drive career development. The results showed key disparities between the two groups’ perceptions:
Most workers believe it is employers’ responsibility to teach career development: 74% say employers should provide professional-development training, 71% say they should identify job opportunities and career paths, and 68% say they should provide career- advancement mentoring.
Most managers believe employees must take responsibility for their career development: 98% say workers should continually update and improve their skills, 85% say they should identify job opportunities and career paths, and 80% say they should be responsible for building their job-hunting and career-planning skills.
The results of this study demonstrate why many workers and organizations fail at career management – each believes the other should be responsible. “Managers and employees often point the finger at each other when it comes to taking responsibility for poor career development planning,” says Jay Titus, Senior Director of Academic Services at EdAssist, a leading provider of tuition assistance management programs. “There needs to be morehonest conversation between the two sides about what the end goal should be, as well as what learning tools are available within the organization to get there.”
(adapted from Quast, L. 2014. Who's in charge of career planning? You. Forbes.com accessed on 22-September 2019).
Questions
Do you believe such disagreement exits ?
What is your experience with companies’ career management?
In: Statistics and Probability
to inform students, parents, teachers and alumni of different events and daily activities. The automation is loosely based on multiple platforms like WhatsApp, FB, Twitter, Website and Word of mouth.
Provision of information to the concerned people is hard in most of the academic Institutes as they are based on a pull model of information system which states that one needs to look for the information by going somewhere or by asking about it from someone. Furthermore, getting information about events that are beneficial for the students with respect to the extra-curricular activities and registering for the events is a tough job. A candidate has to look for the person who’s managing the event and then filling the manual registration forms which can cause several problems. There’s no official portal with the help of which graduate students can reconnect with their batch fellows.
The block diagram shows the proposed solution including the three types of actors. The functionalities to are also shown for each actor.
Question 1 Use Case Diagram (5+5 marks)
Create a Use Case Diagram as well as a supporting use case description tables.
Question 2 Domain Model
Create an appropriate Domain Model that describes the system presented in the attached block diagram.
Question 3 SSD
Create an SSD of the system.
Question 4 Object Identification
List the objects of the system. Hint: do not confuse objects with actors.
Question 5 Sequence Diagram
Create appropriate Sequence Diagrams for all Actors.
Question 6 Class Diagram
Create an appropriate class diagram. Create super classes if it seems necessary.
Question 7 Package Diagram
Create appropriate Package Diagram.
Question 8 Publish-Subscribe Pattern
Since FUSIS is envisaged to be a Push model, re present class diagram using publish-subscribe pattern.
In: Computer Science
Prepare a 12- to 15-slide PowerPoint® presentation with speaker notes requesting initial funding of $500,000 to start and run a start-up company. The proposed start-up company could be an existing business model (coffee shop, pet store, etc.) or could be something entirely new and exciting.
Title Page
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Information about the Industry
Marketing Plan
Competitor Analysis
3 Year Income Statement (Profit & Loss) Projections
Include your assumptions for why and how you will achieve your sales growth and what significant expenses and investments you expect to incur to achieve your revenue goals.
3 Year Proposed Funding Schedule (Sources and uses of the funds received.)
Break-Even Analysis
Academic and Business References
Review the following scenarios and assumption, and explain how it impacts your decision to expand:
After Year 3, the investors are interested in your company expanding internationally to possibly outsource labor or to reduce manufacturing costs. What countries would you expand to first, and why? What factors would you need to consider in making this decision?
What is the corporate tax rate in the countries you are considering expanding your business to, and how will that affect your decision to expand globally? (Use OECD Database or another resource to determine the corporate tax rate).
The investors want to see a decision tree detailing the decisions you would make if you received $300K now and $200K at the end of three years instead of $500K up front.
The investors would like your team to provide advantages and disadvantages of using debt financing versus selling company stock to raise capital for growth.
Briefly explain the venture capital process. Does it make sense for your company to raise funds through venture capital?
In: Accounting