A.
As the financial manager of Wilmore Company Limited, with a passion to boost employment creation through intraregional tourism in Ghana, you have acquired a land at Ho to put up an exquisite amusement park that features a number of attractions including games, pools, gardens, rides etc. The project will cost a total of GH₵100,000. The following cash flows are expected from the project. The beta of the project is 1.5 and the market return is 15%. The risk-free rate of return is 8%.

Year                                    ₵

   0                                     ( 100,000)    
   
   1                                      20,000
  
   2                                      25,000

   3                                      32,000

   4                                      35,000

(i) Using the CAPM approach, what is the cost of equity on this project?

(ii) Wilmore Company Limited is a levered entity with percentage of debt out of total capital being 40%. If the interest rate on a bank loan is 10%, the tax rate is 20%, and the cost of equity is as computed in (a), what will be the after tax cost of debt?

(iii) What will be the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)?

(iv) Using the WACC computed in (c), what will be the NPV of the investment? `
(v) Compute the IRR for the project?
(vi) What will be your overall advice concerning viability of the project?

You are working as an assistant to your cousin, who is an architect. She is currently designing the lobby for a new luxury hotel. The lobby will include a walkway suspended above the main level. Her design will include the following features. Above the walkway, attached at various points along its length, will be vertical steel cables of diameter 1.27 cm and unstressed length 5.65 m. These cables will run upward from the walkway and be attached to a rigid beam in the internal structure of the lobby. Below each point of attachment of a vertical cable will be an aluminum column on which the walkway rests. Each column is a hollow cylinder of inner diameter 16.04 cm and outer diameter 16.18 cm. Before the walkway is installed, the columns will extend 3.25 m from the floor of the lobby to the height at which the bottom of the walkway will lie. Suppose the walkway and any individuals walking on it exert a downward force of magnitude F = 8,900 N on a particular attachment point to a cable above and the corresponding column below. Before committing to this design, your cousin asks you to determine how far the point of attachment of the walkway will move downward under these load conditions.

1. National Public Radio would be considered a club good. T/F

2. A pair of jeans is rival but non-excludable. T/F

3. A good that is rival in consumption is one that someone can be prevented from using if she did not pay for it. T/F

4. Roads can be considered either public goods or common resources, depending on how congested they are. T/F

5. All goods that are excludable are also rival in consumption, but not all goods that are rival in consumption are excludable. T/F

6. A free rider is a person who pays for a good but does not receive the benefit of it. T/F

7. An example of the “Tragedy of the Commons” is litter in the picnic area of a local park. T/F

8. Private markets usually provide lighthouses because ship captains have the incentive to navigate using the lighthouse and therefore will pay for the service.T/F

9. One possible solution to the problem of protecting a common resource is to convert that resource to a private good. T/F

10. Depending on congestion, national parks can be either a common resource or a public good. T/F

home / study / math / statistics and probability / statistics and probability questions and answers / a survey found that​ women's heights are normally distributed with mean 62.3 in. and standard ... Your question has been answered Let us know if you got a helpful answer. Rate this answer Question: A survey found that​ women's heights are normally distributed with mean 62.3 in. and standard dev... A survey found that​ women's heights are normally distributed with mean 62.3 in. and standard deviation 2.9 in. The survey also found that​ men's heights are normally distributed with a mean 67.7 in. and standard deviation 2.9. a. Most of the live characters at an amusement park have height requirements with a minimum of 4 ft 8 in. and a maximum of 6 ft 3 in. Find the percentage of women meeting the height requirement. The percentage of women who meet the height requirement is . Find the percentage of men meeting the height requirement. The percentage of men who meet the height requirement is c. If the height requirements are changed to exclude only the tallest 5% of men and the shortest 5% of women, what are the new height requirements? The new height requirements are at least nothing in. and at most nothing in.

For this week's discussion, the focus will be on examining Porter's Five Forces as a tool for looking at the pressures on profits. Specifically, you will be looking at defining Porter's Five Forces and applying this tool to the market structures and pressures on profits of a chosen group of firms.

Instructions

Review the two groups of firms below:

• Group 1: the accommodations industry (e.g., Hilton, Marriott Bonvoy, InterContintental Hotel Group).
• Group 2: the wireless telecommunications industry (e.g., Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile).

In your discussion post, address the following:

• Which of these groups operates in a monopolistic competitive industry? Which operates in an oligopoly?
  • How did you determine the classification of each group? That is, what are the key characteristics of each group that indicate the type of industry it operates in?
• Chose one of the groups and use Porter's Five Forces to analyze the pressures on profits for your chosen group's firms.
  • If you want to dig deeper into how one of the firms views the challenges it faces, you might want to look at the firm's investor page.

Note: In your discussion posts for this course, do not rely on Wikipedia, Investopedia, or any similar website as a reference or supporting source.

As manager of the Best Drinks Company in Hayward, you would like to sell drinks at a booth during the major celebration in the Hayward’s Central Park. The following table provides information about the drinks that you will be selling: You estimate labor cost to be $600 (2 people, $300 dollars each per day at the booth). Even if nothing is sold, your labor cost will be still $600, so you decide to consider this a fixed cost. Booth rental, $400, is also a fixed cost. Apply the total fixed cost for your break-even analysis, and do not annualize the fixed cost.

Questions What is the break-even volume (in dollars) for selling drinks at the booth? Show your calculations manually or use Excel. How much would you expect to sell at the break-even point? Present and explain your calculations.

A city maintains the following funds:

1. General

2.Special Revenue

3.Capital projects

4.Debt service

5.Enterprise

6.Internal service

7. Permanent (trust)

8. Agency

For each of the following transactions, indicate the fund in which each transaction would most likely be recorded:

a.The city collects $3million of taxes on behalf of the country in which it is located

b.It spends $4 million to pave city streets, using the proceeds of a city gasoline tax dedicated for road and highway improvements

c. It receives a contribution of $5 million. Per the stipulation of the donor, the money is to be invested in marketable securities, and the interest from the securities is to be used to maintain a city park.

d.It collects $800,000 in landing fees at the city airport

e.It earns $200,000 on investments set aside to make principal payments on the city's outstanding bonds. The bonds were issued to finance improvements to the city's tunnels and bridges.

f.It pays $4 million to a contractor for work on one of the bridges

g.It pays $80,000 in wages and salaries to police officers

h. It purchases from an outside supplier $40,000 of stationary that it will sell to its various operating departments

Discussion: HIV stigma peer-reviewed studies

Please post thoroughly answering the following questions, including at least 1 reference.

Read the attached articles.

Identify at least three points that resonated with you in each one and describe why they did (2-3 sentences per point)

If you were a researcher, what further study would you develop or what program might you develop?

Article: Experiences of Stigma and Discrimination among Adults Living with HIV in a Low HIV-Prevalence Context

Abstract

Little is known about how people living with HIV in low prevalence contexts face the challenges of stigma and discrimination. Low prevalence and rural communities are unique environments in which HIV-related stigma and discrimination may be intensified due to a lower tolerance of differences among people and greater fear of HIV. This study examined the experiences of 16 individuals living with HIV who reside in a predominantly rural area with low HIV prevalence. We used in-depth interviews to explore participants’ experience with stigma and discrimination in social and health care settings and their behavioral and emotional responses. In their day-to-day lives, participants described feeling social rejection, being forced to follow different rules of social contact, and being treated differently. In healthcare settings, participants described specific instances when they felt providers were afraid of them and when they were refused or discouraged treatment or treated differently based on their HIV status. Participants experienced stigma and acts of discrimination in different settings (e.g., phy-sician and dentist offices and hospitals) and from a range of types of providers (e.g., physicians, nurses, anddentists). Behavioral and emotional responses to perceived acts of stigma and discrimination included anger, shame, social isolation, and self-advocacy. Findings point to a need to develop tailored interventions to address stigma and discrimination for individuals, healthcare personnel, and the community-at-large.

Induction

IntroductionHIV=AIDS remains the most highly stigmatized illness in the United States, profoundly affecting the lives of individuals living with HIV. As a socially constructed process, HIV-related stigma results in prejudice and acts of discrimination toward individuals living with HIV. Both stigmaand discrimination are associated with negative health out-comes for people living with HIV including poor antiretro-viral therapy adherence,1–3engagement in unsafe sexualbehaviors,4increased levels of depression3,5–8higher levelsof posttraumatic stress symptoms, greater severity of AIDS-related symptoms, lower perceived general health, and less health care satisfaction.3The majority of the research on stigma and discrimination date has focused on populations living in high HIV prevalence areas concentrated in urban locations.1–8Despite the fact that large numbers of people living with HIV and AIDS in the United States are distributed across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions with low prevalence of HIV,9thereis limited information about how stigma manifests itself within these regions including more socially isolated areas such as rural communities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 46% of AIDS cases re-ported in the United States through 2006 were dispersed across 40 states with annual AIDS rates below the annual rate for the United States (12.7 per 100,000 in 2006).10Through2005, more than 48,000 persons diagnosed with AIDS were living in nonmetropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) (popula-tion<50,000) and an additional 83,372 were living in metropolitan statistical areas with populations between 50,000 and500,000.11AIDS case rates also vary considerably based on community size. For example, in 2005 AIDS case rates were6.4 per 100,000 for non-metropolitan areas compared to 9.3per 100,000 in areas with populations between 50,000–500,000and 21.1 per 100,000 for MSAs with populations of greater than 500,000.11Low prevalence and rural contexts present unique environment where people living with HIV=AIDS are more likely to reside in socially isolated conditions and have fewer resources at their disposal.12,13Stigma may be intensified in these areas where there is less tolerance of diverse lifestyles greater fear of HIV, and less anonymity.14–16In addition, unlike high prevalence or urban areas with high rates of HIV, low prevalence areas have fewer medical experts, have limited social support programs, and lack comprehensive AIDSservices, which alter people’s experiences.17–19Support services provided by the Ryan White Care Act, including case managers and funds to support transportation to doctor visits, dental care and associated services, are limited in low prevalence areas due to a funding allocation method, which is based on a number of AIDS cases diagnosed in a given county.20In addition, rural regions, in particular, are affected by inadequate health infrastructure, underfunded rural health and social services programs, higher poverty, geographic challenges and a higher proportion of people who lack health insurance.13,21–23The a handful of HIV-related stigma and discrimination studies conducted in rural areas suggests that social context matters. In a study comparing urban and rural people living with HIV=AIDS, Heckman et al.24found that rural people living with HIV, compared to their urban counterparts, reported significantly lower satisfaction with life, lower perceptions of social support from family members and friends, reduced access to medical and mental health care, elevated levels of loneliness, more community stigma, and heightened personal fear. In a study of people living with HIV in rural areas taking antiretroviral therapy, participants reported they skipped doses of medication to avoid the stigma associated with publicly taking medication that could disclose their HIV status.25Negative attitudes of rural health care providers also may impact people living with HIV who seek care in these areas. Discrimination in care and unwillingness to care for people living with HIV=AIDS has been found among physicians,26dentists,27and rural nurses.28In a recent study of HIV service professionals from rural areas in the midwestern part of the United States, providers reported stigma and discrimination perpetrated by other medical staff and physicians as a major barrier their clients face when referred for medical services.29Thus people living with HIV in low prevalence and rural areas appear to experience challenges that can intensify the impact of stigma.A small number of qualitative studies have examined patients experiences with HIV stigma and discrimination in health care settings but these have focused on urban samples.30–32One study examined stigma among groups of women living in New York City diagnosed with HIV prior to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)and post-HAART, finding that women in the pre-HAART group experienced enacted stigmatization more frequently and intensely and were more likely to have been verbally offended and discriminated against by family, friends and professionals than post-HAART participants.30Another study of veterans living with HIV in a large metropolitan city identified subtle forms of stigma and discrimination that occur during health care visits and found that stigma took on a variety of forms and ranged from ambiguous nonverbal cues to blatant discriminatory acts across different types of healthcare personnel.31In a qualitative study of a diverse group of low-income men and women living with HIV in Los Angeles,California, Sayles et al.32found that participants faced stigma in medical settings but less commonly in HIV specialty care clinics. Although findings from these studies provide insight into problems and issues related to stigma and discrimination that individuals living with HIV face, there is a gap in understanding how these same issues impact individuals living with HIV in rural or low HIV prevalence settings.Although studies of stigma, prejudice, and discrimination derived from different research traditions, each seeks to understand how individual experiences, interpersonal interactions between marginalized and nonmarginalized groups, and broader structural and social phenomena such as power and community practices impact individual health.33–35In a recent conceptual review, Stuber et al.35argue that studying the impact of stigma, prejudice, and discrimination will help improve understanding of how these experiences contribute to psychosocial stress and health outcomes of marginalized groups. HIV stigma has been defined to include prejudice, discounting, discrediting, and discrimination directed at people perceived to have AIDS or HIV.36In this paper, the term‘‘stigma’’ is used to refer to this broader set of attitudes, beliefs,and behavior, and ‘‘discrimination’’ is used to refer more specifically to prejudicial behavior or negative treatment.Specific aspects and dimensions of stigma and discrimination can be difficult to identify, quantify, and describe because of their subtle, nebulous, and untamed nature, and because stigma and discrimination can take on different forms in different environments. The purpose of this study is to contextualize and describe how people living with HIV in a predominantly rural area with low rates of HIV=AIDS experience and respond to perceived acts of stigmatization and discrimination in their day-to-day lives and in healthcare settings.

Methods

Study context this study was conducted in a three-county area in Oregon. The area is predominately rural and includes cities with populations no larger than 60,000. Oregon is one of 31 states with an annual AIDS rate below 10.0 per 100,000 in 2006.10Similar to other rural HIV care delivery systems,37one physician serves as the primary health care provider for the majority of people living with HIV=AIDS in the area. In addition, each county health department has a part-time Ryan White case manager who is responsible for ensuring that eligible clients have access to medical care, medications and drug treatments, and essential support services.38Participants and proceduresParticipants were adults living with HIV residing in the three-county area described above. To be eligible for the study, participants had to self-report be HIV positive and age 18 years or older. The primary recruitment source was a local physician who is the primary medical provider for persons diagnosed with HIV living in the three targeted countries. Four of the 16 participants were recruited by the physician as key informants to pilot the interview guide and obtain feedback on interview questions. Ten of the remaining participants were recruited by flyers distributed by the physician to patients during their regularly scheduled appointments. The final two interviews were conducted after efforts to recruit were expanded to include the distribution of flyers by one other local physician who provides care for a much smaller number of HIV patients and by case managers at two local health departments. The flyer provided basic information about the study including the project’s toll-free number. Interested persons phoned the project’s number; recorded greeting instructed them to leave a message. They were then contacted by project staff, screened for eligibility, and scheduled for interviews. Sixteen face-to-face interviews were conducted between October 2005 and June 2006. Fourteen of the participants resided in the targeted three-county area, and two resided in an adjacent county. Interviews were conducted in private rooms in public locations such as libraries. The first author conducted three of the key informant interviews. Trained interviewers conducted the rest of the interviews. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before they were interviewed. All interviews were audio taped. Interviews were designed to take approximately 60 minutes to complete. Participants received a $25 gift card as compensation for their time. This study was approved by the Oregon State University Institutional Review Board

interview guide The interview guide included predominately open-ended questions and probes. The development of the interview guide was an iterative process: during and after the initial key informant interviews, questions were added, revised, or dropped based on information gleaned during the interview process. The final guide consisted of 22 main questions, as well as several follow-up questions and a series of probes. Topics covered included stigma, trust, and mistrust of health care providers, discrimination when getting health care, and health literacy. Questions were also included to better understand the community context of HIV (e.g., barriers to treatment, what itis like to be HIV positive in the community). In addition, structured questions to collect sociodemographic and health history data were included at the end of the interview guide. For this study, we were particularly interested in perceptions and experiences related to stigma and discrimination. Data analysis Audiotapes of the interviews were transcribed. Data we reanalyzed using content analysis techniques.39First, the AU-thorns independently read the complete transcripts and gen-erased a list of codes focusing on the main topics. They then discussed the codes and jointly developed a refined list of codes for major topics and themes. Next, they independently coded the transcripts. The authors then met and reviewed the transcripts page by page and compared coding of the text. For this paper, the analysis focused on text related to participant’s recent experiences with stigma and discrimination. There were no major inconsistencies in coding; minor differences were discussed and resolved. The final step was to summarize the results derived from the analysis and select verbatim quotations to illustrate each theme.

QUESTION 8

For a monopolist:

QUESTION 9

An example of price discrimination is the price charged for:

QUESTION 10

There is only one gas station within hundreds of miles. The owner finds that if she charges $3 a gallon, she sells 199 gallons a day, and if she charges $2.99 a gallon, she sells 200 gallons a day. The marginal revenue of the 200th gallon of gas is:

QUESTION 11

At the long-run equilibrium level of output, the monopolist's marginal cost will:

QUESTION 12

A monopolist will earn economic profits as long as his price exceeds:

QUESTION 13

A monopolist will maximize its profit by:

QUESTION 14

Both a perfectly competitive firm and a monopolist:

QUESTION 15

Without government regulation, the market outcome of monopoly:

The average “moviegoer” sees 8.5 movies a year. A moviegoer is defined as a person who sees at least one movie in a theater in a 12-month period. A random sample of 40 moviegoers from a large university revealed that the average number of movies seen per person was 9.6. The population standard deviation is 3.2 movies. At the 0.05 level of significance, can it be concluded that this represents a difference from the national average?

STEP 1. State the null and alternate hypothesis

The hypotheses are  (Enter an UPPER CASE Letter Only.)

STEP 2. State the critical value(s). Enter the appropriate letter.

z =

STEP 3. Calculate the test value

z =

STEP 4. Make the decision by rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. Since the test value falls in the non-rejection region, we do not reject the null hypothesis.

Conclusion 1. Reject the null hypothesis. At the α = 0.05 significance level there is enough evidence to conclude that the average number of movies seen by people each year is not different from 8.5.

Conclusion 2. Reject the null hypothesis. At the α = 0.05 significance level there is enough evidence to conclude that the average number of movies seen by people each year is different from 8.5.

Conclusion 3. Do not reject the null hypothesis. At the α = 0.05 significance level there is enough evidence to conclude that the average number of movies seen by people each year is different from 8.5.

Conclusion 4. Do not reject the null hypothesis. At the α = 0.05 significance level there is enough evidence to conclude that the average number of movies seen by people each year is 8.5.

(Enter a number only from the list 1, 2, 3, or 4)