13. Primary consumers are also known as

A. carnivores.    B. scavengers    C. decomposers.    D. herbivores.    E. top carnivores

14. In a food chain, each step of a food chain sees:

A. 10% of the energy passed on to the next step while 90% is lost as heat

B. 90% of the energy passed on to the next step while 10% is lost as heat  

C. 50% of the energy passed on to the next step while 50% is lost as heat  

D. 100% of the energy passed on to the next step    

E. none of the above is correct, we have no way of knowing how much energy is transferred

15. Living vegetation (trees and other plants) and the ocean are known as “carbon sinks” because

A. they are made of carbon.   B. they create carbon.

C. they destroy carbon.           D. they store carbon.

E. due to gravity, carbon is found closer to the ground.

16.The Tragedy of the Commons is a concept that attempts to explain:

A)how human nature leads to environmental degradation

B)how National Parks are doomed to failure due to lack of governmental support

C)how the average/"common" person is uneducated about environmental issues
D)how common wildlife species are often the first to become endangered rather than the exotic species

E)none of the above really expresses what Garret Hardin meant by this phrase

In your own words submit a narrative (200 words/2 paragraphs for each) and explain each of the following seven (7) operational philosophies found in leisure-service agencies. Include an example to illustrate each philosophy. Which mix of these seven orientations would be most compatible, in your opinion, to a typical municipal recreation and park department's philosophy?

Quality-of-Life Approach

Marketing Approach

Human Services Approach

Prescriptive Approach

Resource Manager/Aesthetic/Preservationist Approach

Hedonist Approach

Benefits-Based Approach

1. Table A gives investments, NPVs, IRRs and the first three years’ cash flow for several capital investment projects. Each project’s cash flows continue for several more years, longer for some projects than others. The cost of capital is 12% for all projects.

Table A (figures in millions).

Projects A and B are mutually exclusive - your firm can take only one. The projects are discrete - you cannot make partial investments in any project.

1. Which project would you choose, A or B?
2. Suppose that the firm now identifies a new project AA with exactly the same cash flows, NPV and IRR as project A. Does the opportunity to invest in AA change your answer to part c?
3. Suppose the firm has only $200 million to invest - a fixed capital constraint. Which projects would you undertake? (Ignore project AA.)
4. Now the firm negotiates a line of credit that allows it to borrow up to $100 million at 8%. Would access to additional debt capital at a cost of 8% change your answers to questions c, d or e?

1. Oscar Inc. has a new product priced at $500 per unit. Variable cost is $250 per unit, and fixed costs are $200,000 per year. Quantity sold is expected to be 20,000 units per year. The new product will require an initial investment of $14 million, depreciation will be straight-line to zero for seven years, and salvage at the end of seven years is expected to be $1 million. Demand for the product is expected to be stable and to continue for seven years. The required rate of return on this new product line is 12%. What is the cash break-even quantity?

Select one:

a. 800

b. 880

c. 8,000

d. 8,800

e. 88,000

2. Oscar Inc. has a new product priced at $500 per unit. Variable cost is $250 per unit, and fixed costs are $200,000 per year. Quantity sold is expected to be 20,000 units per year. The new product will require an initial investment of $14 million, depreciation will be straight-line to zero for seven years, and salvage at the end of seven years is expected to be $1 million. Demand for the product is expected to be stable and to continue for seven years. The required rate of return on this new product line is 12%. Ignoring taxes, what is the accounting break-even quantity?

Select one:

a. 800

b. 880

c. 8,000

d. 8,800

e. 88,000

A rich aunt has promised you $3,000 one year from today. In​addition, each year after​ that, she has promised you a payment​(on the anniversary of the last​ payment) that is 3% larger than the last payment. She will continue to show this generosity for 20 years, giving a total of 20 payments. If the interest rate is 8%​, what is her promise worth​ today?

Draw a hypothetical demand and supply curves for egg cups in Canada, and then graph and explain the following events and how they affect the equilibrium price and quantity of egg cups in Canada.

1. A successful advertising campaign by egg cup producers.

2. Technological improvements in the production of egg cups.

3. An increase in the price of eggs a compliment in consumption.

4. An increase in the price of bird feed the main input in egg production.

5. An increase in the demand for waffles a substitute in consumption of eggs.

1. Unemployment  (show all work)

Suppose that country a population of 120 made up of a labour force of 100 and 20 children under the age of 15,

1. What is the participation rate.

Eight members of the labour force are unemployed

2. What is the unemployment rate?

Of the eight unemployed 2 worked in a factory that produced pies this factor has closed down and expected to open up after the pandemic.

3. Describe what type of unemployment this is and why.

One of the eight is a sky instructor and has been laid off for the summer

4. Describe what type of unemployment this is and why.

One of the unemployed cannot find a job and gives up looking

5. What is the new unemployment rate

2. Inflation (show all work)  

Name the two measurements of inflation discussed in class

            1)

            2)

Using 2012 as the base year (=100) calculate the inflation rate for 2013

What does currency depreciation mean?

Who is the only legal issuer of bank notes and coins in Canada?

A responsible government believes that the inflation rate is out of control, what fiscal policies could they enact?

4)  Economic Growth

Using 2017 as a base year, calculate;

1) The GDP deflator

2) Nominal Economic growth

3) Real economic growth

4) Give reasons why Real GDP per capita may overstate the well-being of a countries inhabitants?

5)   MATCHING

Match the terms on the right to the ones on the left by placing the appropriate CAPITAL letter on the space provided.  All the phrases are designed to fit; some may fit more than once.  In any case, provide only one answer for each term.  Illegible answers will be marked as wrong.

1. _____  easy money policy                            A.         increases competition

2. _____   M2+                                               B.         imports become cheaper  

3. _____  C $ depreciates                                C.         expansionary fiscal policy

4. _____  reduction in Gov. spending               D.         reduces competition

5. _____  non-tariff barrier                              E.         used to reduce inflationary pressures

6. _____  C $ appreciates                                F.         includes notice deposits of banks

7. _____  free trade                                        G.         tight fiscal policy

8. _____  tax reduction                                   H.         Exports become cheaper

9. _____   M 1                                                I.          interest rates fall

10. ____  tight money policy                             J.          currency plus demand deposits in banks

A police car sounding a siren with a frequency of 1550 Hz is traveling at 130 km/h .

What frequencies does an observer standing next to the road hear as the car approaches? As it recedes?

What frequencies are heard in a car traveling at 90.0 km/h in the opposite direction before and after passing the police car? For both approaching and receding

The police car passes a car traveling in the same direction at 80.0 km/h. What two frequencies are heard in this car? For both approaching and receding

FYIPI

(Find yourself in PI)

In this assignment you will find a numeric string (if it exists) within a file containing the first 1 million characters of the decimal expansion of PI. The numeric string in question is a 6 character string representing your birth date. E.g., if your birth date is January 1, 1984, then the string is 010184. The file containing the first 1 million characters of the

decimal expansion of PI is named pidigits.txt and is available for download from D2L. Your code should prompt the user for their birthday and then verify that the string entered by the user is indeed a valid date string. Invalid date strings include the following:

013284 // No month has more than 31 days

022905 // 2005 was not a leap year

150184 // There are only 12 months

093196 // September only has 30 days

etc.

Thus, a birth date string is of the form:

mmddyy

where mm is a two digit string representing the month, dd is a two digit string representing the day and yy is a two digit string representing the year.

Once a birth date string has been entered by the user and validated, you will open pidigits.txt and read in asingle character at a time using a BufferedReader instance. If a non-digit character such as a space, tab, or blank line is read, discard it. If the character is a digit character, “keep it” until a match/non-match has been established. As you read the characters, if there is a match between the birth date string and the characters read, report this to the user. Your code must find all such matches in the file, report all such matches to the user, report the character position in the file at which a given match begins, report the number of comparisons made in establishing the match, and report the total number of comparisons used in reading the entire file.. The format used for reporting is:

Your birthday 022348 was found at character position 1013664 in pidigits.txt

The number of comparisons so far is: 919560

Your birthday 022348 was found at character position 1073634 in pidigits.txt

The number of comparisons so far is: 973942

The total number of comparisons made in reading this file is: 1111091

If there are no matches for the birth date string, then your code should simply output the total number of comparisons made in reading the file.

Constraints:

Your must use BufferedReader for all IO. No Scanner instances nor JOptionPanes allowed. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

Each character in pidigits.txt will be read in exactly once using the read() method of the BufferedReader class. You must use the version of read() that takes no parameters. You do not need to “back up” and reread characters that have already been read. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

You are not allowed to store the characters read in an array or any other kind of container. They are to be stored in char variables only. It should be obvious that you need only 6 such variables for this assignment. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

You are not allowed to use any methods from the String class for finding matches. You may and should use the isDigit() method. The isDigit() method is a static method in the Character class. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

Your code must validate that the birth date string entered by the user is indeed a valid date. You must do this by passing the string as a parameter to a constructor of some sort of Date class. The Date class can be one that you build from scratch or can be based on one of the Date classes in the Java API (Calendar, GregorianCalendar, etc.). The code in your Date class is allowed to use methods from the String class. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

The name of the file containing your main() method must be YourFirstNameYourLastNameIV.java. The name of the file containing your code for your Date class must be BirthDate.java. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

Please do not submit anything other than source code files. .class files, etc. are neither wanted nor welcome.

This is in Java

JAVA: (Find yourself in PI)

In this assignment you will find a numeric string (if it exists) within a file containing the first 1 million characters of the decimal expansion of PI. The numeric string in question is a 6 character string representing your birth date. E.g., if your birth date is January 1, 1984, then the string is 010184. The file containing the first 1 million characters of the decimal expansion of PI is named pidigits.txt and is available for download from D2L.

Your code should prompt the user for their birthday and then verify that the string entered by the user is indeed a valid date string. Invalid date strings include the following:

013284 // No month has more than 31 days

022905 // 2005 was not a leap year 150184

// There are only 12 months 093196

// September only has 30 days etc.

Thus, a birth date string is of the form: mmddyy where mm is a two digit string representing the month, dd is a two digit string representing the day and yy is a two digit string representing the year. Once a birth date string has been entered by the user and validated, you will open pidigits.txt and read in a single character at a time using a BufferedReader instance. If a non-digit character such as a space, tab, or blank line is read, discard it. If the character is a digit character, “keep it” until a match/non-match has been established. As you read the characters, if there is a match between the birth date string and the characters read, report this to the user. Your code must find all such matches in the file, report all such matches to the user, report the character position in the file at which a given match begins, report the number of comparisons made in establishing the match, and report the total number of comparisons used in reading the entire file.. The format used for reporting is:

Your birthday 022348 was found at character position 1013664 in pidigits.txt The number of comparisons so far is: 919560 Your birthday 022348 was found at character position 1073634 in pidigits.txt The number of comparisons so far is: 973942 The total number of comparisons made in reading this file is: 1111091 If there are no matches for the birth date string, then your code should simply output the total number of comparisons made in reading the file.

Constraints:

Your must use BufferedReader for all IO. No Scanner instances nor JOptionPanes allowed. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points. Each character in pidigits.txt will be read in exactly once using the read() method of the BufferedReader class.

You must use the version of read() that takes no parameters. You do not need to “back up” and reread characters that have already been read. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

You are not allowed to store the characters read in an array or any other kind of container. They are to be stored in char variables only. It should be obvious that you need only 6 such variables for this assignment. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

You are not allowed to use any methods from the String class for finding matches. You may and should use the isDigit() method. The isDigit() method is a static method in the Character class. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points. Your code must validate that the birth date string entered by the user is indeed a valid date.

You must do this by passing the string as a parameter to a constructor of some sort of Date class. The Date class can be one that you build from scratch or can be based on one of the Date classes in the Java API (Calendar, GregorianCalendar, etc.). The code in your Date class is allowed to use methods from the String class. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.

The name of the file containing your main() method must be YourFirstNameYourLastNameIV.java. The name of the file containing your code for your Date class must be BirthDate.java. Failure to observe this constraint will result in a significant loss of points.