FRUGAL SANITARY TOWELS

ARUNACHALAM MURUGANANTHAM AIMS TO TRANSFORM THE LIVES OF INDIAN WOMEN WITH A FUNDAMENTAL INNOVATION

High school drop-out and welder Arunachalam Muruganantham has developed a low-cost sanitary towel the hard way. In India, only 12 percent of women can afford to use sanitary towels for their monthly periods, the rest making do with old rags and even husks or sand. As Muruganantham’s wife explained to him, if she bought the expensive sanitary towels on the market, the family would have to do without milk. But the cost for many women is infections and even cervical cancer. Muruganantham determined to find a cheap way of supplying Indian women with proper sanitary towels. In Indian society, however, the issue was taboo. The local hospital was unhelpful, and even Muruganantham’s wife and sisters refused to talk about the problem. A survey of college girls failed. Muruganantham’s prototypes were scorned by his wife. At his wits’ end, Muruganantham experimented on himself, carrying a bladder inflated with goat’s blood while wearing one of his own sanitary towels and women’s undergarments. His tests while walking and cycling around the village created a local scandal. His wife moved out. Muruganantham characterized the issue as a ‘triple-A problem – Affordability, Availability and Awareness’. But after four years of research, he finally built a machine for producing sanitary towels at less than half the price of those offered by rivals such as Procter & Gamble and Johnson & Johnson. The machines are cheap and handoperated, enabling small-scale local production by units employing six to ten women each. Muruganantham believes that the small businesses using his machines could create up to one million jobs: ‘The model of massproduction is outdated. Now it is about production by the mass of people.’ Muruganantham sells the machines to NGOs, local entrepreneurs, charities and selfhelp groups, who produce the sanitary towels without fancy marketing. A manual machine costs around 75,000 Indian rupees (£723, €868, $1084) – a semi-automated machine costs more. Often the women who make the towels are the best marketers, passing on the benefits by wordof-mouth. Towels are often sold singly rather than in bulk packets and are even sold through barter. Muruganantham explains the marketing: ‘It’s done silently and even the male members of their families don’t know.’ Slowly but surely his machines spread all over India with operations in 23 states. By 2015, his company, Jayaashree Industries, had expanded to 17 other countries including Kenya, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Myanmar. He employs over 20,000 women in rural India and the enterprise has been valued at over a billion dollars by some analysts. Muruganantham has become a globally renowned frugal innovator and motivational speaker. His machine was entered in a competition for a national innovation award and came first out of 943 entries; he received the award by the then President of India. He was also ranked by Time magazine as one of 100 most influential people in the world in 2014 and was invited to give a lecture at Harvard. His wife has moved back in with him. Muruganantham was confident about the sustainability of his model: ‘We compete very comfortably with the big giants (such as Procter & Gamble). That’s why they call me the corporate bomber.

Q1

- Identify the various features of Muruganantham’s approach that make his sanitary towel business a typical or not so typical ‘frugal innovation?

Bryan followed in his father’s footsteps and entered into the carpet business. He owns and operates I Do Carpet (IDC). Bryan prefers to install carpet only, but in order to earn additional revenue, he also cleans carpets and sells carpet cleaning supplies. Compute his taxable income for the current year considering the following items:

a) IDC contracted with a homebuilder in December of last year to install carpet in 10 new homes being built. The contract price of $80,000 includes $50,000 for materials (carpet). The remaining $30,000 is for IDC’s service of installing the carpet. The contract also stated that all money was to be paid up front. The homebuilder paid IDC in full on December 28 of last year. The contract required IDC to complete the work by January 31 of this year. Bryan purchased the necessary carpet on January 2 and began working on the first home January 4. He completed the last home on January 27 of this year.

b) IDC entered into several other contracts this year and completed the work before year-end. The work cost $130,000 in materials and IDC elects to immediately deduct his supplies. Bryan billed out $240,000 but only collected $220,000 by year-end. Of the $20,000 still owed to him, Bryan wrote off $3,000 he didn’t expect to collect as a bad debt from a customer experiencing extreme financial difficulties.

c) IDC entered into a three-year contract to clean the carpets of an office building. The contract specified that IDC would clean the carpets monthly from July 1 of this year through June 30 three years hence. IDC received payment in full of $8,640 ($240 a month for 36 months) on June 30 of this year.

d) IDC sold 100 bottles of carpet stain remover this year for $5 per bottle (it collected $500). IDC sold 40 bottles on June 1 and 60 bottles on November 2. IDC had the following carpet cleaning supplies on hand for this year, and IDC has elected to use the LIFO method of accounting for inventory under a perpetual inventory system: Purchase Date Bottles Total Cost November last year 40 $120 February this year 35 $112 July this year 25 $85 August this year 40 $140 Totals 140 $457

e) On August 1 of this year, IDC needed more room for storage and paid $900 to rent a garage for 12 months.

f) On November 30 of this year, Bryan decided it was time to get his logo on the sides of his work van. IDC hired We Paint Anything, Inc. (WPA), to do the job. It paid $500 down and agreed to pay the remaining $1,500 upon completion of the job. WPA indicated it wouldn’t be able to begin the job until January 15 of next year, but the job would only take one week to complete. Due to circumstances beyond its control, WPA wasn’t able to complete the job until April 1of next year, at which time IDC paid the remaining $1,500.

g) In December, Bryan’s son, Aiden, helped him finish some carpeting jobs. IDC owed Aiden $600 (reasonable) compensation for his work. However, Aiden did not receive the payment until January of next year.

h) IDC also paid $1,000 for interest on a short-term bank loan relating to the period from November 1 of this year through March 31 of next year.

Brief Exercise 169

Notson, Inc. produces several models of clocks. An outside supplier has offered to produce the commercial clocks for Notson for $420 each. Notson needs 1,200 clocks annually. Notson has provided the following unit costs for its commercial clocks:

Prepare an incremental analysis which shows the effect of the make-or-buy decision. (Enter negative amounts using either a negative sign preceding the number e.g. -45 or parentheses e.g. (45).)

Garner Strategy Institute (GSI) presents executive-level training seminars nationally. Eastern University (EU) has approached GSI to present 40 one-week seminars during 2019. This activity level represents the maximum number of seminars that GSI is capable of presenting annually. GSI staff would present the week-long seminars in various cities throughout the United States and Canada. Terry Garner, GSI’s president, is evaluating three financial options for the revenues from Eastern: accept a flat fee for each seminar, receive a percentage of Eastern’s profit before tax from the seminars, and form a joint venture to share costs and profits. Estimated costs for the 2019 seminar schedule follow: Garner Strategy Institute Eastern University Fixed costs for the year: Salaries and benefits $ 200,000 N/A * Facilities 46,000 N/A * Travel and hotel 0 $ 360,920 Other 72,000 N/A * Total fixed costs $ 318,000 $ 360,920 Variable cost per participant: Supplies and materials 0 $ 47 Marketing 0 18 Other site costs 0 35 *Eastern’s fixed costs are excluded because the amounts are not considered relevant for this decision (i.e., they will be incurred whether or not the seminars are presented). Eastern does not include these costs when calculating the profit before tax for the seminars. EU plans to charge $1,200 per participant for each 1-week seminar. It will pay all variable marketing, site costs, and materials costs. Required 1. Assume that the seminars are handled as a joint venture by GSI and EU to pool costs and revenues. a. Determine the total number of seminar participants needed to break even on the total costs for this joint venture. b. Assume that the joint venture has an effective income tax rate of 30%. How many seminar participants must the joint venture enroll to earn an after-tax income of $97,209? 2. Assume that GSI and EU do not form a joint venture, but that GSI is an independent contractor for EU. EU offers two payment options to GSI: a flat fee of $9,500 for each seminar or a fee of 40% of EU’s profit before taxes from the seminars. Compute the minimum number of participants needed for GSI to prefer the 40% fee option over the flat fee. 1 Total Number of seminar participants needed to break even (per year). 2. Assume that the joint venture has an effective income tax rate of 30%. How many seminar participants must the joint venture enroll to earn an after-tax income of $97,209? what is required number of participants? (per year) 3. Assume that GSI and EU do not form a joint venture, but that GSI is an independent contractor for EU. EU offers two payment options to GSI: a flat fee of $9,500 for each seminar or a fee of 40% of EU’s profit before taxes from the seminars. Compute the minimum number of participants needed for GSI to prefer the 40% fee option over the flat fee. what is minimum number of seminar participants?

Ronald Smith owns a home at 7890 Brookfield Lane, Chicago, Illinois. The garage in the back of,

the house is beginning to fall down so he decides to build a modern two-car garage in its place.

He calls Garages R Us for a free estimate on a new garage. Sam "the Salesman" Jones comes out

and shows Mr. Smith the various styles of buildings and the costs involved. In addition to the

pictures, Mr. Jones tells Mr. Smith that once they tear down the old garage, they put a 1/4" layer

of gravel down. They then lay 10 steel rods widthwise and 4 steel rods lengthwise on top of the

gravel. Only when that is done do they start pouring the concrete. The extra gravel and rods

(which are not done by every company) are designed to give additional strength to the floor so

that there will never be a problem with it being able to hold 2 automobiles at one time. Sam

shows him some diagrams of what he is talking about.

Ronald is impressed and chooses the garage he likes best. Sam then asks how he intends to pay

for the work. When Ronald tells him that he was going to go to a bank to get a loan, Sam tells

him about the financing options they have through Garages R Us. Ronald likes the terms and

signs a contract for the building of the garage (which does not contain any information about the

gravel or the rods and does not contain any pictures as he had been shown) subject to approval of

the financing.

After the financing is approved, Garages R Us assigns their rights to payment from Ronald to the

Bedford Park Savings and Loan Association. Notice is sent to Ronald of the assignment.

The workmen tear down the original garage and start to construct the new one. Ronald, who is

retired, watches out of his back window every day as they work: As they begin to lay down the

gravel and rods, he notices that they are not doing what he had been told they would do. They

have scattered some gravel across the ground, but in no way is it 1/4" thick. They have spread

some rods across the ground, but there are 4 across widthwise and 2 across lengthwise.

Ronald immediately rails Sam and begins to complain. Before Sam can get out to the house to

talk to Ronald, the workers poured the concrete and it set. Ronald wants the concrete broken up

so that he can show Sam what is underneath. Sam tells him that if they do that, Ronald will be

responsible for the cost of laying down new concrete. They get into a shouting match, Ronald

tells the workers to stop work and Sam leaves.

After one month goes by, the Bank calls Ronald to find out where the first month payment is.

Ronald tells the Bank that he is not going to pay for work that wasn't completed and wasn't done

right to begin with. The Bank and wants to sue Ronald. Ronald wants to sue Garages R Us.

In your opinion do any of them have a good cause of action to sue anyone. If sued, does anyone

have any defenses? In addition to the elements of a contract, you may wish to discuss breach,

material breach, assignment, preventing performance, parole evidence and misrepresentation.

Fresh Wreath Corporation manufactures wreaths according to customer specifications and ships them to customers using United Parcel Service (UPS). Which two terms below describe the cost of shipping these wreaths?

fixed cost and period cost

variable cost and product cost

fixed cost and product cost

variable cost and period cost

Introduction

Introduction to Data Structures programming assignments can be completed either in C++ (preferred) or in Java. In both cases you cannot use libraries or packages that contain pre-built data structures, other than built-in support for objects, arrays, references, and pointers.

Classes in C++ and Java can represent anything in the real world. This assignment is to write a compiler for Z++ programming language.

The Z++ Programming Language

Your program will test if an expression entered by the application user is valid under the Z++ programming language. Therefore, you need to know a little bit about the Z++ programming language (which of course doesn't really exist, not yet anyway).

The Z++ programming language uses only 6 characters, left and right brackets, parentheses and curly braces: { [ ( } ] ). A left curly brace, bracket or parentheses is referred to as a left character. A right curly brace, bracket or parentheses is referred to as a right character.

A Z++ expression is valid if each left character in the expression "matches" with a corresponding right character in the expression. The test for a match requires going left to right through an expression, character by character. When a right character is encountered, then it is compared to the rightmost left character that was not previously compared to a right character. If the characters match, such as { and }, [and ], or ( and ), then you continue through the expression, comparing each right character to the rightmost left character that was not previously compared to a right character, until either the left and right characters don't match (which means the expression is not valid) or there are no more right characters. When there are no more right characters, if all of the left characters have previously been compared to a right character, the expression is valid. However, if there still are left characters that have not previously been compared to a right character, the expression is invalid.

Let's look at some examples. The following expressions are valid:

[]{}()

{([])}

()[{}]

[{}()]

Note that the matching may be by the right character immediately following the left character, by nesting, or by a combination of the two.

However, the expression [({})) is not valid as [ does not correspond to ). Additionally, the expression ([{}()] is not valid. Even though each right character is matched by a left character, the first left character is left over after you have run out of right characters.

Program Description

Your program, which will be written in C++, not Z++, will prompt the user to enter a string of not more than 20 characters. You may use a character array, a C-string or the C++ string class; the choice is up to you. You can assume the user enters no more than 20 characters (though the user may enter less than 20 characters) and the characters entered are limited to left and right brackets, parentheses and curly braces; you do not need to do any error-checking on this. After the user ends input, by the Enter key, the program checks if the string is a valid Z++ expression, and reports that it either is or isn't. Sample outputs:

Enter an expression: []{}()

It's a valid expression

Enter an expression: ()[{}]

It's a valid expression

Enter an expression: [({)}]

It's NOT a valid expression

Stack Class

Module #3 (http://www.agazaryan.com/csit836/stack.html), which accompanies this assignment, explains a stack and how it will be represented by a class having the member variables and member functions (including a constructor) appropriate for a stack.

Multiple Files

The class will be written using header and implementation files. Your program also will include a driver file, so your multi-file project will have three files:

Module #3 (http://www.agazaryan.com/csit836/stack.html) gives you the test.cpp file and all the information necessary to write the cstack.h file. Your job is to write the cstack.cpp file. All class members (variables and functions) must be private unless they need to be public.

Create a python program that will:

• prompt a user for a command

• Command

  • get_data

• Level 1: Take one of the commands

  • my_max

  • my_min

  • my_range

  • my_sum

  • mean

  • median

  • mode
  • fib
  • factorize
  • prime

Requirements:

• Your commands should be case-insensitive

• You should use python lists to store data

• You should NOT use built-in python math functions, or math libraries to compute these values

Tips:

• Write one function that will convert a string with comma-separated numbers into a python list with the numbers. You can use this in multiple other functions.

• Don't name any of your functions "min", "max", or "range" or "sum". These are built-in functions.

Details

Load command details

• Get_data: prompts users for a list of numbers, separated by commas

  • (please also print the list, for testing)

Level 1 details (these functions work with the loaded data list)

• my_max

• my_min

• my_range: Computes the range (difference of greatest value and least value)

• my_sum

• mean: Computes and prints the arithmetic mean (average)

Level 2

• median: show the median (middle value, or average of two middle values)

• mode: show the mode, or modes

Level 3 details (these functions should use the first number in the data list)

• prime: determine if a number is prime

• factorize: get the prime factors of a number

• fib: get the nth number in the fibonacci sequence

Here is my code so far:

#hehe my sum and stuff
f = open("input.txt",'r')
def input(prompt=''):
print(prompt, end='')
return f.readline().strip()   

#get data
def get_data():
pass

line = input().strip().split(',')
  
nums=[]
for n in line:
nums.append(float(n))

  
return nums
  
#get sum
def my_sum(data):
  
s=0
for n in data:
s += n
return s
  
pass

#get max
def my_max(data):
  
m=0
for n in data:
m >= n
return m

pass

#get min
def my_min(data):
  
i=0
for n in data:
i < n
return i

pass

#get range
def my_range(data):
r=0
for n in data:
m - i
return r

pass

#get mean
def mean(data):
e=0
for n in data:
????????

#get median
def median(data):
d=0
for n in data:
??????
  
#get mode
def mode(data):
o=0
for n in data:
???
  
#get prime
def prime(data):
p=0
for n in data:
???

#get factorization
def factorization(data):
f=0
for n in data:
????
  
#get fib
def fib(data):
b=0
for n in data:
??
#run it
def run_cli():
  
while(1):
cmd = input()
  
if cmd=='exit':
break
  
elif cmd=='get_data':
data = get_data()
print(data)
  
  
elif cmd=='my_sum':
s = my_sum(data)
print(s)
  
elif cmd=='my_max':
m = my_max(data)
print(m)
  
elif cmd=='my_min':
i = my_min(data)
print(i)
  
elif cmd=='my_range':
r = my_range(data)
print(r)
  
elif cmd=='mean':
e = mean(data)
print(e)
  
elif cmd=='median':
d = median(data)
print(d)
  
elif cmd=='mode':
o = mode(data)
print(o)
  
elif cmd=='prime':
p = prime(data)
print(p)
  
elif cmd=='factorization':
f = factorization(data)
print(f)
  
elif cmd=='fib':
b = fib(data)
print(b)
  
pass

#ha ahsbas
def main():
run_cli()
  
main()

Introduction

Introduction to Data Structures programming assignments can be completed either in C++ (preferred) or in Java. In both cases you cannot use libraries or packages that contain pre-built data structures, other than built-in support for objects, arrays, references, and pointers.

Classes in C++ and Java can represent anything in the real world. This assignment is to write a compiler for Z++ programming language.

The Z++ Programming Language

Your program will test if an expression entered by the application user is valid under the Z++ programming language. Therefore, you need to know a little bit about the Z++ programming language (which of course doesn't really exist, not yet anyway).

The Z++ programming language uses only 6 characters, left and right brackets, parentheses and curly braces: { [ ( } ] ). A left curly brace, bracket or parentheses is referred to as a left character. A right curly brace, bracket or parentheses is referred to as a right character.

A Z++ expression is valid if each left character in the expression "matches" with a corresponding right character in the expression. The test for a match requires going left to right through an expression, character by character. When a right character is encountered, then it is compared to the rightmost left character that was not previously compared to a right character. If the characters match, such as { and }, [and ], or ( and ), then you continue through the expression, comparing each right character to the rightmost left character that was not previously compared to a right character, until either the left and right characters don't match (which means the expression is not valid) or there are no more right characters. When there are no more right characters, if all of the left characters have previously been compared to a right character, the expression is valid. However, if there still are left characters that have not previously been compared to a right character, the expression is invalid.

Let's look at some examples. The following expressions are valid:

[]{}()

{([])}

()[{}]

[{}()]

Note that the matching may be by the right character immediately following the left character, by nesting, or by a combination of the two.

However, the expression [({})) is not valid as [ does not correspond to ). Additionally, the expression ([{}()] is not valid. Even though each right character is matched by a left character, the first left character is left over after you have run out of right characters.

Program Description

Your program, which will be written in C++, not Z++, will prompt the user to enter a string of not more than 20 characters. You may use a character array, a C-string or the C++ string class; the choice is up to you. You can assume the user enters no more than 20 characters (though the user may enter less than 20 characters) and the characters entered are limited to left and right brackets, parentheses and curly braces; you do not need to do any error-checking on this. After the user ends input, by the Enter key, the program checks if the string is a valid Z++ expression, and reports that it either is or isn't. Sample outputs:

Enter an expression: []{}()

It's a valid expression

Enter an expression: ()[{}]

It's a valid expression

Enter an expression: [({)}]

It's NOT a valid expression

Stack Class

Module #3 (http://www.agazaryan.com/csit836/stack.html), which accompanies this assignment, explains a stack and how it will be represented by a class having the member variables and member functions (including a constructor) appropriate for a stack.

Multiple Files

The class will be written using header and implementation files. Your program also will include a driver file, so your multi-file project will have three files:

Module #3 (http://www.agazaryan.com/csit836/stack.html) gives you the test.cpp file and all the information necessary to write the cstack.h file. Your job is to write the cstack.cpp file. All class members (variables and functions) must be private unless they need to be public.