When researches incubate whole red blood cells with lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and radioactive iodine I 125 and then separate the proteins in SDS gel, several radioactive lines are obtained cause iodine binds to prominent tyrosine and histidine residues outside the cell membrane.
When researches incubate whole red blood cells with galactose oxidase and reduce them with sodium borohydride that contains tritium (H-BH43) several radioactive lines are obtained which are just some of the proteins that have been marked with radioactive iodine , thus galactose residues stand out of the cell.
a) Explain the difference in the number of proteins obtained in the two experiments above
b) Why the results of the second experiment do not reflect mark of all the sugars in the membrane?
c) What results will be obtained if we conduct an experiment identical to that described in the question but with inverse vesicles (these are closed vesicles containing all membrane components but where the outer leaf of the membrane turns inward and inward leaf outward)? Thank you!

Critical thinking exercise in Triola nd Triola biostatistics assignment

"From Data to Decision" on page 565 of the textbook. perform the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data

Placebo group: 77, 61, 66, 63, 81, 75, 66, 79, 66, 75, 48, 70

10mg Treatment group: 67, 48, 79, 67, 57, 71, 66, 85, 75, 77, 57, 45

20mg Treatment group: 72, 94, 57, 63, 69, 59, 64, 82, 34, 76, 59, 53

Based on results, does it appear that there is sufficient evidence to claim that the drug lowers pulse rate? Are there any serious problems with the design of the experiment? Given this was only involving males, can we say that results apply to females? Is there a better way in measuring the drug's effectiveness in lowering pulse rates? How would you characterize the overall validity of the experiment? Based on available results, should the drug be approved?   

When researches incubate whole red blood cells with lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and radioactive iodine I 125 and then separate the proteins in SDS gel, several radioactive lines are obtained cause iodine binds to prominent tyrosine and histidine residues outside the cell membrane.
When researches incubate whole red blood cells with galactose oxidase and reduce them with sodium borohydride that contains tritium (H-BH43) several radioactive lines are obtained which are just some of the proteins that have been marked with radioactive iodine , thus galactose residues stand out of the cell. 
a) Explain the difference in the number of proteins obtained in the two experiments above
b) Why the results of the second experiment do not reflect mark of all the sugars in the membrane? 
c) What results will be obtained if we conduct an experiment identical to that described in the question but with inverse vesicles (these are closed vesicles containing all membrane components but where the outer leaf of the membrane turns inward and inward leaf outward)?

1. In one paragraph or less, propose the best solution to the following experimental problems:
   A) You are trying to do a two-colour FRAP experiment using epifluorescence microscopy. You make FP constructs of your two proteins and confirm that each retains its function within your cells. One of the two proteins is coupled to a green emitter and one is coupled to a red emitter. You test each FP construct separately within the cell line (cell-FPgreen and cell-FPred), and find that each protein (based on the FP signal) localizes to the nucleus, showing a bright fluorescence emission in either the green (strain-FPgreen) or red (strain-FPred), and you find that you are able to track the movement of each protein separately during a FRAP experiment. However, when you express both FP constructs together in the same strain (strain-FPgreen-FPred), you see predominantly red fluorescence. What might be happening, and how could you remedy it?

1. Arrange the following molecules from least to most specific with respect to the original nucleotide sequence: RNA, DNA, Amino Acid, Protein.

2. Identify two structural differences between DNA and RNA.

3. Suppose you are performing an experiment in which you must use heat to denature a double helix and create two single stranded pieces. Based on what you know about nucleotide bonding, do you think the nucleotides will all denature at the same time? Use scientific reasoning to explain why.

EXPERIMENT 1: CODING

1. Using the red, blue, yellow and green beads, devise and lay out a three color code (or codon) for each of the following letters (codon). For example Z = green : red : green.

• C:

• E:

• H:

• I:

• K:

• L:

• M:

• O:

• S:

• T:

• U

• Start:

• Stop:

• Space:

PLEASE LABEL WITH NUMBERS ON SIDE/ ALSO TYPE ANSWERS AS I CANT READ HANDWRITTEN ANSWERS

You are performing a DNA extraction of Prochlorococcus. Your goal is to extract 300 ng of DNA. You inoculated a flask with 1,000 cells. In the growth conditions you are using for your experiment, the lag phase of Prochlorococcus is 1.5 days and u = 0.6 days ^-1.

a) On what day should you perform the DNA extraction? (Assume 1 cell has 0.005 ng of DNA) Show your work for full credit.

b)Alas, 3 days into the incubation process all of your cells have died! You have done this experimental procedure before and it has gone well, but this time something got in the way. Discuss two possible reasons your phytoplankton cells could have died.

c) You perform the experiment again but now that you’ve lost 3 days you want to speed up the process. You decide to inoculate with more cells this time. How many cells of Prochlorococcus would use as an inoculum such that you can perform the DNA extraction on day 5?

An article in Journal of the American Statistical Association (1990, Vol. 85, pp. 972–985) measured weight of 30 rats under experiment controls. Suppose that there are 12 underweight rats. (a) Calculate a 90% two-sided confidence interval on the true proportion of rats that would show underweight from the experiment. Round your answers to 3 decimal places. Enter your answer; confidence interval, lower bound ≤p≤ Enter your answer; confidence interval, upper bound (b) Using the point estimate of p obtained from the preliminary sample, what sample size is needed to be 90% confident that the error in estimating the true value of p is no more than 0.02? n= Enter your answer in accordance to the item b) of the question statement (c) How large must the sample be if we wish to be at least 90% confident that the error in estimating p is less than 0.02, regardless of the true value of p? n= Enter your answer in accordance to the item c) of the question statement

Instructions:
You are givne main.c and exam.h.
Your task is to implement exam.c.
write the code for these 20 functions on repl.it.

*/

#include 
#include "exam/exam.h"

int main(void) {
  return 0;
}

/*
/*
exam.h
*/

#ifndef _EXAM_H_
#define _EXAM_H_

// 1
// Display title of code and your name. ( koorsh maghsoodi my name)
// See exam.txt for sample output.
void exam_hello_world(void);

// 2
// Display argc and all argv[] values.
// See exam.txt for sample output.
// returns: number of arguments
int exam_cmd_line_args(int argc, char *argv[]);

// 3
// Display info about signed integer data types.
// See exam.txt for sample output.
// Return number of signeed integer data types
int exam_signed_integer_data_types(void);

// 4
// Display info about unsigned integer data types.
// See exam.txt for sample output.
// Return number of unsigned integer data types
int exam_unsigned_integer_data_types(void);

// 5
// Display info about these data types:
// int8_t, uint8_t
// int16_t, uint16_t
// int32_t, uint32_t
// See exam.txt for sample output.
// Return number of unsigned integer data types
int exam_stdint_integer_data_types(void);

// 6
// Display info about floating-point data types.
// See exam.txt for sample output.
int exam_floating_data_types(void);

// 7
// Return the sum of three integer numbers.
// See exam.txt for sample output
int exam_sum(int n1, int n2, int n3);

// 8
// Given two integer numbers, return:
// -1 if n1 is less than n2
// 0 if n1 is equal to n2
// 1 if n1 is greater than n2
// See exam.txt for sample output
int exam_compare(int n1, int n2);

// 9
// Given two integer numbers,
// return the sum of n1 to n2.
// For example, if n1=2 and n2=4,
// return sum of 2+3+4, i.e. 9
// Do this using a for loop.
int exam_for(int n1, int n2);

// 10
// Given two integer numbers,
// return the sum of n1 to n2.
// For example, if n1=2 and n2=4,
// return sum of 2+3+4, i.e. 9
// Do this using a while loop.
int exam_while(int n1, int n2);

// 11
// Given two integer numbers,
// return the sum of n1 to n2.
// For example, if n1=2 and n2=4,
// return sum of 2+3+4, i.e. 9
// Do this using a do_while loop.
int exam_do_while(int n1, int n2);

// 12
// Display info about enum data types.
// See exam.txt for sample output.
typedef enum {
  EXAM_ERROR_OK = 0,
  EXAM_ERROR_BAD_PARAM,
  EXAM_ERROR_OUT_OF_RANGE,
  EXAM_ERROR_IO
} exam_error_t;
exam_error_t exam_typedef_enum_data_types(void);

// 13
// Add a student.
// If the max students is reached return
// EXAM_ERROR_OUT_OF_RAMGE,
// else return EXAM_ERROR_OK
// See exam.txt for sample output
#define EXAM_MAX_STUDENTS 3
typedef struct {
  int id;
  float average;
  char *name;
} student_t;
exam_error_t exam_add_student(student_t *s);

// 14
// List all students
// See exam.txt for sample output
// Return the number of students listed
int exam_list_students(void);

// 15
// Remove a student by id 
// See exam.txt for sample output
// Return EXAM_ERROR_OK if studentt was
// removed. Else return EXAM_ERROR_BAD_PARAM
exam_error_t exam_remove_student_by_id(int id);

// 16
// Remove a student by name
// See exam.txt for sample output
// Return EXAM_ERROR_OK if studentt was
// removed. Else return EXAM_ERROR_BAD_PARAM
exam_error_t exam_remove_student_by_name(char *name);

//17
// Write the list of students to a file.
// Return EXAM_ERROR_OK on success or
// Return EXAM_ERROR_BAD_PARAM if filenmae is NULL.
// Return EXAM_ERROR_IO if file write error
exam_error_t exam_write_students_to_file(char *filename);

//18
// Read the list of students from a file.
// Return EXAM_ERROR_OK on success or
// Return EXAM_ERROR_BAD_PARAM if filenmae is NULL.
// Return EXAM_ERROR_IO if file write error
exam_error_t exam_read_students_from_file(char *filename);

//19
// Given an array of students (e.g. just read in from a file)
// display them to the console.
// Return the number of students displayed.
int exam_display_students_from_list(student_t s[], size_t size);

//20
// For each of the following files, read them in,
// and then display the following info:
// Filename, Number of Lines, Number of Characters
// main.c....
// exam/exam.h....
// exam/exam.c...
// Return the total number of LINES of all files,
// i.e. lines of main.c + exam.h + exam.c
int exam_return_total_lines(void);

#endif

YOUR SAMPLE OUTPUT SHOULD LOOK LIKE THIS:

1 - exam_hello_world
        CSCI 112 Final
        Code by Norman McEntire
2 - exam_cmd_line_args
        argc: 4
        argv[0]: main
        argv[1]: one
        argv[2]: two
        argv[3]: three
value returned: 4
3 - exam_signed_integer_data_types
        type    size
        ----    ----
        char    1
        short   2
        int     4
        long    8
value returned: 4
4 - exam_unsigned_integer_data_types
        type    size
        ----    ----
        unsigned char   1
        unsigned short  2
        unsigned int    4
        unsigned long   8
value returned: 2
5 - exam_stdint_integer_data_types
        type            size
        ----            ----
        uint8_t         1
        uint16_t        2
        uint32_t        4
value returned: 3
6 - exam_floating_data_types
        type    size
        ----    ----
        float   4
        double  8
value returned: 2
7 - exam_sum
        n1: 10, n2: 20, n3: 30
value returned: 60
8 - exam_compare
        n1: -10, n2: 20
value returned: -1
8 - exam_compare
        n1: 10, n2: 10
value returned: 0
8 - exam_compare
        n1: 20, n2: 10
value returned: 1
9 - exam_for
        n1: 10, n2: 20
value returned: 165
10 - exam_while
        n1: 10, n2: 20
value returned: 165
11 - exam_do_while
        n1: 10, n2: 20
value returned: 165
12 - exam_typedef_enum_data_types
        EXAM_ERROR_OK: 0
        EXAM_ERROR_BAD_PARAM: 1
        EXAM_ERROR_OUT_OF_RANGE: 2
        EXAM_ERROR_IO: 3
13 - exam_add_student
        id: 123, average: 94.50, name: John
        Currrent num_students: 0
        Student added. updated num_students: 1
value returned: 0
13 - exam_add_student
        id: 234, average: 95.60, name: Sally
        Currrent num_students: 1
        Student added. updated num_students: 2
value returned: 0
13 - exam_add_student
        id: 345, average: 96.70, name: Billy
        Currrent num_students: 2
        Student added. updated num_students: 3
value returned: 0
13 - exam_add_student
        id: 456, average: 97.80, name: Paul
        Currrent num_students: 3
        Max number of students reachd!
value returned: 2
14 - exam_list_students
        Total of 3 students:
        id: 123, average: 94.50, name: John
        id: 234, average: 95.60, name: Sally
        id: 345, average: 96.70, name: Billy
value returned: 3
15 - exam_remove_student_by_id
        id: 234
        FOUND! Student removed!
value returned: 0
14 - exam_list_students
        Total of 2 students:
        id: 123, average: 94.50, name: John
        id: 345, average: 96.70, name: Billy
value returned: 2
15 - exam_remove_student_by_id
        id: 999
        NO STUDENT FOUND!
value returned: 1
14 - exam_list_students
        Total of 2 students:
        id: 123, average: 94.50, name: John
        id: 345, average: 96.70, name: Billy
value returned: 2
16 - exam_remove_student_by_name
        name: Billy Bob
        NO STUDENT FOUND!
value returned: 1
14 - exam_list_students
        Total of 2 students:
        id: 123, average: 94.50, name: John
        id: 345, average: 96.70, name: Billy
value returned: 2
16 - exam_remove_student_by_name
        name: No One
        NO STUDENT FOUND!
value returned: 1
14 - exam_list_students
        Total of 2 students:
        id: 123, average: 94.50, name: John
        id: 345, average: 96.70, name: Billy
value returned: 2
13 - exam_add_student
        id: 234, average: 95.60, name: Sally
        Currrent num_students: 2
        Student added. updated num_students: 3
value returned: 0
13 - exam_add_student
        id: 456, average: 97.80, name: Paul
        Currrent num_students: 3
        Max number of students reachd!
value returned: 2
14 - exam_list_students
        Total of 3 students:
        id: 123, average: 94.50, name: John
        id: 234, average: 95.60, name: Sally
        id: 345, average: 96.70, name: Billy
value returned: 3
17 - exam_write_students_to_file
        filename: (null)
Error: filename is NULL
value returned: 1
17 - exam_write_students_to_file
        filename: asdf.txt
value returned: 0
18 - exam_read_students_from_file
        filename: asdf.txt
        123 94.500000 John
        234 95.599998 Sally
        345 96.699997 Billy
value returned: 0
19 - exam_display_students_from_list
id: 11, average: 90.11, name: Sam
id: 22, average: 90.22, name: Jack
id: 33, average: 90.33, name: Lisa
value returned: 0
20 - exam_return_total_lines
        main.c:         lines: 253, chars: 6881
        exam/exam.h:    lines: 158, chars: 4059
        exam/exam.c:    lines: 398, chars: 10282
Total lines: 809

A retailer discovers that 3 jars from his last shipment of Spiffy peanut butter contained between 15.85 and 15.92 oz of peanut butter, despite the labeling indicating that each jar should contain 16 oz. of peanut butter. He is wondering if Spiffy is cheating its customers by filling its jars with less product than advertised. He decides to measure the weight of 50 jars from the shipment and use hypothesis testing to verify this.

(a) What are the null and alternative hypotheses for this experiment?

(b) Describe, in words, a Type I error for this experiment.

(c) Describe, in words, a Type II error for this experiment.

(d) Given the answer to (a), should the null hypothesis be rejected when the sample mean falls below or over a certain threshold? Should this threshold be below or above the value 16.0 oz?

(e) What is the distribution of X¯, the sample mean?

(f) In his sample of 50 jars, the retailer finds an average weight of 15.84 oz and a sample standard deviation of 0.5 oz. He decides to use a significance level of 0.04. What is the conclusion from this hypothesis testing? Can you conclude that Spiffy is cheating its customers?

(g) What is the p-value? What is the meaning of this number?

(h) For what values of the sample mean would the null hypothesis be rejected?

(i) Calculate the probability of type II error if the true mean is 15.7 oz.

(j) Solve (f), (h) and (i) when the level of significance is 0.01. Is your new answer for (f) consistent with the p-value found in (g)? How is the probability of type II error affected when the probability of type I error changes?