1. In one paragraph or less, propose the best solution to the following experimental problems:
   A) You are trying to do a two-colour FRAP experiment using epifluorescence microscopy. You make FP constructs of your two proteins and confirm that each retains its function within your cells. One of the two proteins is coupled to a green emitter and one is coupled to a red emitter. You test each FP construct separately within the cell line (cell-FPgreen and cell-FPred), and find that each protein (based on the FP signal) localizes to the nucleus, showing a bright fluorescence emission in either the green (strain-FPgreen) or red (strain-FPred), and you find that you are able to track the movement of each protein separately during a FRAP experiment. However, when you express both FP constructs together in the same strain (strain-FPgreen-FPred), you see predominantly red fluorescence. What might be happening, and how could you remedy it?

1. Arrange the following molecules from least to most specific with respect to the original nucleotide sequence: RNA, DNA, Amino Acid, Protein.

2. Identify two structural differences between DNA and RNA.

3. Suppose you are performing an experiment in which you must use heat to denature a double helix and create two single stranded pieces. Based on what you know about nucleotide bonding, do you think the nucleotides will all denature at the same time? Use scientific reasoning to explain why.

EXPERIMENT 1: CODING

1. Using the red, blue, yellow and green beads, devise and lay out a three color code (or codon) for each of the following letters (codon). For example Z = green : red : green.

• C:

• E:

• H:

• I:

• K:

• L:

• M:

• O:

• S:

• T:

• U

• Start:

• Stop:

• Space:

PLEASE LABEL WITH NUMBERS ON SIDE/ ALSO TYPE ANSWERS AS I CANT READ HANDWRITTEN ANSWERS

You are performing a DNA extraction of Prochlorococcus. Your goal is to extract 300 ng of DNA. You inoculated a flask with 1,000 cells. In the growth conditions you are using for your experiment, the lag phase of Prochlorococcus is 1.5 days and u = 0.6 days ^-1.

a) On what day should you perform the DNA extraction? (Assume 1 cell has 0.005 ng of DNA) Show your work for full credit.

b)Alas, 3 days into the incubation process all of your cells have died! You have done this experimental procedure before and it has gone well, but this time something got in the way. Discuss two possible reasons your phytoplankton cells could have died.

c) You perform the experiment again but now that you’ve lost 3 days you want to speed up the process. You decide to inoculate with more cells this time. How many cells of Prochlorococcus would use as an inoculum such that you can perform the DNA extraction on day 5?

An article in Journal of the American Statistical Association (1990, Vol. 85, pp. 972–985) measured weight of 30 rats under experiment controls. Suppose that there are 12 underweight rats. (a) Calculate a 90% two-sided confidence interval on the true proportion of rats that would show underweight from the experiment. Round your answers to 3 decimal places. Enter your answer; confidence interval, lower bound ≤p≤ Enter your answer; confidence interval, upper bound (b) Using the point estimate of p obtained from the preliminary sample, what sample size is needed to be 90% confident that the error in estimating the true value of p is no more than 0.02? n= Enter your answer in accordance to the item b) of the question statement (c) How large must the sample be if we wish to be at least 90% confident that the error in estimating p is less than 0.02, regardless of the true value of p? n= Enter your answer in accordance to the item c) of the question statement

A retailer discovers that 3 jars from his last shipment of Spiffy peanut butter contained between 15.85 and 15.92 oz of peanut butter, despite the labeling indicating that each jar should contain 16 oz. of peanut butter. He is wondering if Spiffy is cheating its customers by filling its jars with less product than advertised. He decides to measure the weight of 50 jars from the shipment and use hypothesis testing to verify this.

(a) What are the null and alternative hypotheses for this experiment?

(b) Describe, in words, a Type I error for this experiment.

(c) Describe, in words, a Type II error for this experiment.

(d) Given the answer to (a), should the null hypothesis be rejected when the sample mean falls below or over a certain threshold? Should this threshold be below or above the value 16.0 oz?

(e) What is the distribution of X¯, the sample mean?

(f) In his sample of 50 jars, the retailer finds an average weight of 15.84 oz and a sample standard deviation of 0.5 oz. He decides to use a significance level of 0.04. What is the conclusion from this hypothesis testing? Can you conclude that Spiffy is cheating its customers?

(g) What is the p-value? What is the meaning of this number?

(h) For what values of the sample mean would the null hypothesis be rejected?

(i) Calculate the probability of type II error if the true mean is 15.7 oz.

(j) Solve (f), (h) and (i) when the level of significance is 0.01. Is your new answer for (f) consistent with the p-value found in (g)? How is the probability of type II error affected when the probability of type I error changes?

A retailer discovers that 3 jars from his last shipment of Spiffy peanut butter contained between 15.85 and 15.92 oz of peanut butter, despite the labeling indicating that each jar should contain 16 oz. of peanut butter. He is wondering if Spiffy is cheating its customers by filling its jars with less product than advertised. He decides to measure the weight of 50 jars from the shipment and use hypothesis testing to verify this.

(a) What are the null and alternative hypotheses for this experiment?

(b) Describe, in words, a Type I error for this experiment.

(c) Describe, in words, a Type II error for this experiment.

(d) Given the answer to (a), should the null hypothesis be rejected when the sample mean falls below or over a certain threshold? Should this threshold be below or above the value 16.0 oz?

(e) What is the distribution of X¯, the sample mean?

(f) In his sample of 50 jars, the retailer finds an average weight of 15.84 oz and a sample standard deviation of 0.5 oz. He decides to use a significance level of 0.04. What is the conclusion from this hypothesis testing? Can you conclude that Spiffy is cheating its customers?

(g) What is the p-value? What is the meaning of this number?

(h) For what values of the sample mean would the null hypothesis be rejected?

(i) Calculate the probability of type II error if the true mean is 15.7 oz.

(j) Solve (f), (h) and (i) when the level of significance is 0.01. Is your new answer for (f) consistent with the p-value found in (g)? How is the probability of type II error affected when the probability of type I error changes?

Given below are pulse rates for a placebo group, a group of men treated with Xynamine in 10 mg doses, and a group of men treated with 20 mg doses of Xynamine. The project manager for the drug conducts research and finds that for adult males, pulse rates are normally distributed with a mean around 70 beats per minute and a standard deviation of approximately 11 beats per minute. His summary report states that the drug is effective, based on this evidence: The placebo group has a mean pulse rate of 68.9, which is close to the value of 70 beats per minute for adult males in general, but the group treated with 10 mg doses of Xynamine has a lower mean pulse rate of 66.2, and the group treated with 20 mg doses of Xynamine has the lowest mean pulse rate of 65.2. Analyze the Results 1. Analyze the data using the methods learned in course. 2. Based on the results, does it appear that there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that the drug lowers pulse rates? 3. Are there any serious problems with the design of the experiment? 4. Given that only males were involved in the experiment, do the results also apply to females? 5. The project manger compared the post-treatment pulse rates to the mean pulse rate for adult males. Is there a better way to measure the drug’s effectiveness in lowering pulse rates? 6. How would you characterize the overall validity of the experiment? 7. Based on the available results, should the drug be approved? 8. Write a brief report summarizing your findings.

Placebo group:

77,61,66,63,81,66,79,66,75,48,70

10 mg group:

67,48,79,67,57,66,85,75,77,57,45

20 mg group:

72,94,57,63,69,64,82,34,76,59,53

The purpose of this experiment is to prepare tetraamminecopper (II) sulfate monohydrate by making a reaction between ammonia and copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate in an aqueous solution. When the reaction is complete, the product is then isolated and percent yield is determined. We had to weigh CuSO₄ 5H₂O and then mix it with water then heat. Ammonia is then added once the solid dissolves and is heated to a gentle boil. The solution is then put into a buchner funnel and drained of all liquid with a water aspriator. The solid remaining is cleaned off with ammonia and ethanol solution and then just pure ethanol. The solid remaining is weighed. 1. What did you expect to happen and what actually happened? Why did it

2. What is your interpretation of the physical and chemical changes observed

during the experiment?

3. What type of chemical reaction was performed? Is there any physical evidence

that the reaction happened?

4. How did you know the reaction was over?

5. Considering the collected data, identify the type of problem that you’re working

with (simple stoichiometry, limiting reactant and/or percent yield) and describe

the steps needed to solve it. Integrate your calculations to show how identifying

the problem guides your solution.

6. Were you able to identify the limiting reagent?

7. What is the meaning of the % yield obtained? Could it be better?

8. What is your interpretation of the chemical equation (think about mole

9. Will the opposite reaction take place (water replacing ammonia ligands)?

10. Explain (Consider the properties of the chemicals involved and the nature of the

observed chemical reaction)

11. Could this reaction be performed in the solid phase? Why solutions are needed?

12. How could you improve the results?

13. Any other topics you consider important to this experiment.

People who eat lots of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of colon cancer than those who eat little of these foods. Fruits and vegetables are rich in "antioxidants" such as vitamins A, C, and E. Will taking antioxidants help prevent colon cancer? A medical experiment studied this question with 864 people who were at risk of colon cancer. The subjects were divided into four groups: daily beta-carotene, daily vitamins C and E, all three vitamins every day, or daily placebo. After four years, the researchers were surprised to find no significant difference in colon cancer among the groups.

Outline the design of the experiment. Use your judgment in choosing the group sizes. (Select all that apply.)

Randomly assign 2 treatments to 4 groups.

Randomly assign subjects to 4 treatments.

Observe the occurrence of colon cancer.

Randomly assign subjects to 2 treatments.

Observe eating habits.

Suggest some possible reasons (lurking variables) that could explain why people who eat lots of fruits and vegetables have lower rates of colon cancer. The experiment suggests that these variables, rather than the antioxidants, may be responsible for the observed benefits of fruits and vegetables. (Select all that apply.)

People who eat lots of fruits and vegetables may have healthier diets overall.
People who eat more fruits and vegetables may exercise more.
People who eat lots of fruits and vegetables may watch more TV.
Fruits and vegetables contain fiber and this could account for the benefits of those foods.
Fruits and vegetables do not contain any sugar and this could account for the benefits of those foods.