What are the implications of assuming that animals can learn R-O associations in an instrumental conditioning procedure? Describe a real experiment providing evidence of R-O associations in nonhuman animals. Indicate how S, R, and O might organize hierarchically. Give a laboratory example and a daily-life example of such hierarchical organization.

Hypothesis: If people are frequently interrupted by messages on their cell phones while working on an assignment, then it will take them much longer to complete the assignment beyond the time it took to read and reply to the messages. Design an experiment that would test this hypothesis. In your description, identify the independent variable (including the experimental and control conditions) and the dependent variable. 

The lab experiment is repeated with the same two glass plates but with a different human hair. The sodium vapor lamp is replaced by a monochromatic light source that produces light of wavelength

The separation between adjacent dark fringes is measured to be 0.485 mm. Calculate the diameter of the hair. (The length of the plates is 12.0 cm.)

If you were a forensic psychologist and someone asked you to create a true experiment using a factorial design to study psychopaths, explain the following: -What would be your experimental conditions in your study (remember there must be at least 2)? -How would you measure them? -What would you expect to find?

Can someone rewrite this in past tense, passive voice?

To begin the first experiment, you must first calibrate the Spectrophotometer. First transfer water into the cuvette, wipe cuvette and place into the spectrophotometer, then calibrate the instrument. Once calibrated construct a calibration curve for the food dye dilutions of red, yellow, and blue. Begin with transferring the color dilution series to the cuvettes and wipe the cuvettes. Place a cuvette into the spectrophotometer and enter the desired analytical wavelength, in this case we started with blue, so we entered 628 nm, and press go. Measure and save the absorbance for each sample in the color dilution series. Remember when doing so to save the absorbance values in the “current data table”. After measuring the absorbance of each sample in the color dilution series, create a calibration curve with the saved data. Enter the slope for the best fit line into your notebook. Repeat for the following color dilution series. Next to determine the concentration of the unknown sample (x) we repeat the process of transferring the unknown sample into cuvette and recording the absorbance, using the correct analytical wavelength. Finally, calculate the concentration for the unknown sample using the calibration curve.

            In the second experiment prepare colored dye mixtures in a clean test tube. Using red, blue, and yellow make 3 mixtures that are different be sure to stir mixtures. Using the concentration of each colored solution, calculate the theoretical concentration for each color in the mixture and record your data in your notebook. In the next part in experimental determination of dye concentration use a pipet as you did in the first experiment, make sure you calibrate the instrument first and then measure the absorbance of each mixture using the correct analytical wavelengths given. Use the calibration curve and determine the experimental concentration of each color dye in the mixture and record each concentration. Calculate the absolute and percent errors, then evaluate the accuracy of each theoretical concentration. In the last experiment there is an unknown sample of a mixture of red and yellow food dyes. Repeat the process of measuring the absorbance of this mixture using the correct given wavelengths. Once recorded use the molar absorptivities given and calculate the concentration for each colored dye in the mixture and record in your notebook.

1.5 Suppose you believe that, in general, graduates who have majored in your subject are offered higher salaries upon graduating than are graduates of other programs. Describe a statistical experiment that could help test your belief.

1.6 You are shown a coin that its owner says is fair in the sense that it will produce the same number of
heads and tails when flipped a very large number of times.

a.Describe an experiment to test this claim.

b. What is the population in your experiment?

c. What is the sample?

d. What is the parameter?
e. What is the statistic?

f. Describe briefly how statistical inference can be used to test the claim.

1.7 Suppose that in Exercise

1.6 you decide to flip the coin 100 times.

a.What conclusion would you be likely to draw if you observed 95 heads?
b. What conclusion would you be likely to draw if you observed 55 heads?
c.Do you believe that, if you flip a perfectly fair coin 100 times, you will always observe exactly 50 heads? If you answered “no,” then what numbers do you think are possible? If you answered “yes,” how many heads would you observe if you flipped the coin twice? Try flipping a coin twice and repeating this experiment 10 times and report the results.

1.8 Xr01-08 The owner of a large fleet of taxis is trying to estimate his costs for next year’s operations. One major cost is fuel purchase. To estimate fuel purchase, the owner needs to know the total distance his taxis will travel next year, the cost of a gallon of fuel, and the fuel mileage of his taxis. The owner has been provided with the first two figures (distance estimate and cost of a gallon of fuel). However, because of the high cost of gasoline, the owner has recently converted his taxis to operate on propane. He has measured and recorded the propane mileage (in miles per gallon) for 50 taxis.

a.What is the population of interest?
b. What is the parameter the owner needs?

c. What is the sample?
d. What is the statistic?

e. Describe briefly how the statistic will produce the kind of information the owner wants.

Shown here is the sort.c program which takes data.txt and sorts it. If I have found the addresses for system(), exit(), and “/bin/sh”, how would I do the following by ONLY changing the contents of data.txt?: 1) open the shell code 2) exit cleanly fron the shell code all while 3) not receiving a seg fault.

I beleive the correct answer is to have about 18-19 rows of aaaaaaaa followed by the three addresses so that when the stack starts to pop off one of the new addresses will be in the olace of the sort return address.

Here is the code in plain text:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>

/*
* a toy program for learning stack buffer
* overflow exploiting
* It reads a list of hex data from the
* specified file, and performs bubble sorting
*/

#define SORT_ME 1 //Comment this out and recompile if you do not want the function to sort your values.

long n = 0, c = 0, d = 0, v = 0;

FILE *fp = NULL;

void SortData()
{
long swap = 0;
long array[17];

// loading data to array
printf("Source list:\n");
char line[sizeof(long) * 2 + 1] = {0};
while(fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp)) {
if (strlen((char *)line) > 1) {
sscanf(line, "%lx", &(array[n]));
printf("0x%lx\n", array[n]);
++n;
}
}
fclose(fp);

#ifdef SORT_ME   
for (c = 0; c < (n - 1); c++)
{
v = c;
for (d = ( c + 1 ); d < n; d++)
{
if (array[d] < array[v])
{
// Swap the found minimum element with the first element
swap = array[d];
array[d] = array[v];
array[v] = swap;
}
}
}
#endif

// output sorting result
printf("\nSorted list in ascending order:\n");
for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ )
printf("%lx\n", array[c]);

}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if(argc!=2)
{
printf("Usage: ./sort file_name\n");
return -1;
}

// From http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5141960/get-the-current-time-in-c
time_t rawtime;
struct tm * timeinfo;

time(&rawtime);
timeinfo = localtime(&rawtime);
printf("Current local time and date: %s\n\n", asctime(timeinfo));
  
fp = fopen(argv[1], "rb");
SortData();

return 0;
}

NOTE: THIS IS ALL INFORMATION PROVIDED

Eric Mendes and Becky Conners, each age 42, married on September 7, 2016. Eric and Becky will file a joint return for 2018. Eric’s Social Security number is 444-55-6667. Becky’s Social Security number is 321-21-4321. Becky adopted Mendes as her married name. They live at 4450 Emerald Street, Los Angeles, California 90032.

Eric divorced his former wife, Sara Mendes, in March of 2016. Under the divorce agreement Eric pays Sara $1,250 per month for the next 10 years or until Sara’s death, whichever comes first. During 2018, Eric made all twelve payments to her. In addition, Eric paid Sara $22,000 which is designated as being for her share of the marital property. Eric and Sara had no children. Sara’s Social Security number is 677-76-9292.

Eric’s 2018 salary is $150,000. He is an executive working for Maple Manufacturing Company. As part of his compensation package, Maple provides him with group term life insurance equal to twice his annual salary. His employer withheld $25,000 for federal income taxes and $8,500 for California income taxes.

Becky recently graduated from law school and is employed by the law firm of Davis and Davis. She received a salary of $85,000 in 2018. Her employer withheld $9,000 for federal income taxes and $4,000 for California income taxes.

Eric and Becky had $550 of interest income from Bank of America. They received a $1,900 refund on their 2017 California income tax return during the year. They itemized deductions during 2017 (itemized deductions exceeded their standard deduction by $600). During 2018 they paid $7,200 of mortgage interest and $8,000 of property taxes on their personal residence. They made charitable cash contributions of $1,800 to their church during 2018. Both spouses had health insurance the entire year and do not want to contribute to the Presidential Election Campaign.

Prepare Eric and Becky’s 2018 federal income tax return. Part of your assignment is to select the forms necessary to prepare this income tax return. Forms are available at IRS.gov

Alfred E. Old and Beulah A. Crane, each age 42, married on September 7, 2016. Alfred and Beulah will file a joint return for 2018. Alfred’s Social Security number is 111-11- 1112. Beulah’s Social Security number is 123-45-6789, and she adopted “Old” as her married name. They live at 211 Brickstone Drive, Atlanta, GA 30304.

Alfred was divorced from Sarah Old in March 2016. Under the divorce agreement, Alfred is to pay Sarah $1,250 per month for the next 10 years or until Sarah’s death, whichever occurs first. Alfred pays Sarah $15,000 in 2018. In addition, in January 2018, Alfred pays Sarah $50,000, which is designated as being for her share of the marital property. Also, Alfred is responsible for all prior years’ income taxes. Sarah’s Social Security number is 123-45-6788.

Alfred’s salary for 2018 is $150,000, and his employer, Cherry, Inc. (Federal I.D. No. 98-7654321), provides him with group term life insurance equal to twice his annual salary. His employer withheld $24,900 for Federal income taxes and $8,000 for state income taxes. The proper amounts were withheld for FICA taxes. Beulah recently graduated from law school and is employed by Legal Aid Society, Inc. (Federal I.D. No. 11-1111111), as a public defender. She receives a salary of $42,000 in 2018. Her employer withheld $7,500 for Federal income taxes and $2,400 for state income taxes. The proper amounts were withheld for FICA taxes.

Alfred and Beulah had interest income of $500. They receive a $1,900 refund on their 2017 state income taxes. They itemized deductions on their 2017 Federal income tax return (total of $15,000). Alfred and Beulah pay $4,500 interest and $1,450 property taxes on their personal residence in 2018. Their charitable contributions total $2,400 (all to their church). They paid sales taxes of $1,400, for which they maintain the receipts. Both spouses had health insurance for all months of 2018 and do not want to contribute to the Presidential Election Campaign. Compute the Olds’ net tax payable (or refund due) for 2018. If you use tax forms for your solution, you will need Form 1040 and Schedules A