1.If life exists on other planets, these lifeforms would resemble humans.
true
false

2.Aging reduces all of the following in the circulatory system except
A. white blood cells
B. hemoglobin
C. lymphocytes
3.Complex organic compounds, such as amino acids, are only found on earth.
true
false
4.The record number of extreme climate events in 2019
A. increased 14% above average
B. increased 50% above average
C. decreased 14% below average
D. decreased 50% below average
5.This occurs as the body’s function declines, usually after sexual peak, around the age of 19.
A. Gerontology
B. Senility
C. Growth
D. Age-related change
6.Bushmeat consumption is thought to be a method of transmission of
A. SIV
B. Zika
C. Influenza
D. SARS

In step four of glycolysis, the C6 species is split into two C3 species, the two trioses that are produced are not identicle. Name these two trioses. Which of these two C3 species is a glycolysis intermediate? What is the fate of the other triose?

Some of the properties of strong and weak acids are different. All statements below are properties of weak acids except for:

a. Weak acids dissociate only slightly in water

b. Weak acids dissociate completely if the pH is raised

c. Weak acids have a pKa

d. Weak acids can serve as buffers

E. Weak acids dissociate completely at an pH

What is the ATP net output for aerobic respiration for the following steps:

Glycolysis

Kreb Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

State how many of the following will be produced during glycolysis with two glucose molecules:

Pyruvate

ATP    

NADH

Gyrate atrophy is a degeneration of the retina that begins in late adolescence as night blindness and progresses to blindness. The cause is mutation in the gene that encodes a mitochondrial enzyme, ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), on chromosome 10. This autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism causes build up in body fluids of ornithine, which derives from the amino acid arginine, found in dietary protein. Researchers sequenced the OAT gene for five patients with the following results:

Patient A: A change in codon 209 of UAU to UAA

Patient B: A change in codon 299 of UAC to UAG

Patient C: A change in codon 426 of CGA to UGA

Patient D: A 2 base deletion at codons 64 and 65 that results in a UGA codon at position 79

Patient E: Exon 6, including 1,071 bases, is entirely deleted.

1. Another patient, F, has the mutations seen in patients A and B. How is this possible?

Chapter 3

• Explain the different Biological functions of Proteins.
• What are the monomers that make up proteins? What type of bond connects them?
• Describe the structure of an amino acid. How many are there and how do they differ?
• What are some of the different properties associated with amino acid side chains?
• What types of reactions make polypeptides? Break them down?
• Explain the different levels of protein structure and how they contribute to the shape of the protein. What are the shapes associated with secondary structure?
• What different types of chemical interactions contribute to protein structure?
• What occurs when a protein is denatured? What environmental conditions result in proteins being denatured?
• Briefly explain the role of proteins in catalysis (enzymatic function)
• What happens when the shape of a protein changes?

Chapter 6

• What is a Lipid?
• What are the Biological functions of Lipids?
• What are the three most important types of lipids found in cells?
• What is a triglyceride?
• How do fatty acids differ?
• Explain chemically and functionally the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats.
• What is structurally different between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?
• What are the different roles for phospholipids?
• How would saturated vs unsaturated fats impact the function of membranes?
• What are the different functions of Sterols? What are some of the different molecules that are made from cholesterol as a precursor?

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein with important functions at synapses between nerve cells. It is cleaved within the membrane to release an extracellular peptide fragment called Ab. When Ab peptides accumulate, they can aggregate to form amyloid fibrils associated with Alzheimer’s disease

The cleavage of APP to Ab is catalyzed by Presenilin-1. Presenilin-1 is inhibited by transition state analogues specific for aspartyl proteases.

A. In one sentence, describe why transition state analogues are excellent competitive inhibitors of enzymatic activity.

B. Presenilin-1 has two important catalytic residues, Asp257 and Asp385, which cleave APP to Ab within the hydrophobic membrane. Describe TWO reasons why these catalytic aspartates have elevated pKa values.

C. During catalysis, there is a buildup of negative charge on the oxygen atom of the scissile amide bond. To stabilize the transition state, Asp385 donates a proton to the oxyanion that forms. To what amino acid would you mutate Asp385 to prevent proton transfer whilst having minimal impact on the rest of the protein? Will this amino acid still be able to stabilize the transition state via hydrogen bonding?

D. Aspartyl proteases directly activate water for hydrolysis without forming a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Draw a mechanism for peptide hydrolysis. Clearly show Asp385 stabilizing the oxyanion transition state. Clearly show what role Asp257 may have.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of additivity?