In the recent years, concussions in children and young adults during sporting events has been getting more and more attention due to the complications of them. What are concussions, how do they occur, and what are the short and long-term complications and concerns associated with them?

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a major long-term concern associated with repeated brain trauma, such as concussions. Does the research on CTE provide enough evidence for more action to be taken regarding concussions that occur during junior high, high school and college sporting events? For example, should an athlete suffer two or more concussions, should he/she be restricted or banned from playing that sport? After this research- do you or would you have concerns about your child/ren playing a sport where concussions could commonly happen, such as football, hockey, or soccer?

Question 3:

A) Why is education level such a strong variable in a typical worker’s human capital earnings function and the age–earnings profile? How might the human capital investment (the dominant) view contrast to the screening, signaling and ability hypotheses (to explain the connection of education to earnings)?

B) What is the "college/high school earnings premium"? How has this altered the human capital investment decision of individuals who are weighing the potential, long-run benefits vs. costs of higher education? How might it alter a college student's choice to work (or not) at a paid job WHILE they are enrolled in college (classes)?

C) Which side has more incentive to make the often costly, up-front investments in firm-specific vs. industry-specific vs. general training? Why? Provide a concrete example of each type of training.

Andy "Nard Dog" Bernard graduated from Cornell in May of 2018 with a BA in Women's Studies. As a graduation gift, Nard Dog's father, a widower, gave him an old Toyota Prius because, according to the father, "the Ferarri is more your brother's style and the old Prius reminds me of you." The Prius was originally purchased 8 years ago for $33,000 and today it is worth $16,000.

1. How much of the gift is subject to the gift tax?

2. If Andy's father sold the Prius for $16,000 and then gave Andy the proceeds from the sale, how much of the gift would be subject to federal gift taxes?

3. If Andy's father sold the Prius for $16,000 and then gave the proceeds from the sale to Cornell to pay for Andy's graduate school tuition, how much of the gift would be subject to federal gift taxes?

Under the U.S. government’s method of counting persons, a person who is a student and does not work is considered out of

the labor force. Conceptually, persons who are out of the labor force are supposed to be unwilling to work regardless of the wage offered to them.

i.) Based on the observation above (that graduate/professional school enrollments increase during recessions), do you think that graduate students are really unwilling to work regardless of the wages that might be offered to them?

ii.) Explain why it would be at least somewhat misleading to count graduate/professional students as either employed or unemployed.

iii.) If you were particularly interested in the labor market for young college graduates, what category would you put them in—one of those above or something else? Why? (There is no “right” answer to this, but the question will help you understand the choices faced by people who collect and analyze employment data.)

A simple subsidy (s) reduces the price of a good from P to P-s. On the other hand, a voucher scheme grants to the consumer the ability to consume a stated quantity of the good (label it X1s on the horizontal axis) in exchange for the voucher (which has no cost). Assume the high school graduating class of 2018 in Columbia received a voucher that would cover all tuition and fees for either 60 hours at a community college or 30 hours at a state university.

a. Illustrate and explain why a voucher scheme would be particularly effective in encouraging the consumption of the vouchered good for consumers who would otherwise have chosen little or none of the good. The voucher has no cost to the consumer and it cannot be sold (4 points).

b. Explain how introduction of this voucher into a market where it did not exist before will affect the market price of community college or university education and the feasible budget set for the consumer

1) Amiti currently smokes one pack of cigarettes a day; she typically smokes with her morning coffee, after meals, in her car, and when hanging out with her friends who smoke. Identify five actions or strategies that Amiti can use to increase her chances of success at quitting.

2) Your cousin has confided in you that she thinks she might have a drug problem. She explains that lately she can only think about getting high and seems to need much more of the drug in order to achieve that high. She is having difficulty in school and has been reprimanded at her job for being late. She has tried to cut back on her use of the drug, but she got sick every time she tried to quit. Identify and define the characteristics of drug dependence being manifested by this individual.

John just turned 12 (at t = 0), and he will be entering college 6 years from now (at t = 6). College tuition and expenses at State U. are currently $16,500 a year, but they are expected to increase at a rate of 3.5% a year. John is expected to graduate in 4 years. Tuition and other costs will be due at the beginning of each school year (at t = 6, 7, 8, and 9). So far, John’s college savings account contains $10,000 (at t = 0). John’s parents plan to add an additional $12,000 in each of the next 4 years (at t = 1, 2, 3, and 4). Then they plan to make 2 equal annual contributions in each of the following two years, t = 5,, and 6. They expect their investment account to earn 5.5%. How large must the annual payments at t = 5, and 6 be to cover John’s anticipated college costs?

Like many teenagers struggling with peer pressure and the desire to be cool, Janis started secretly smoking cigarettes. Janis’s parents give her an allowance of $395 per month to buy a sandwich for lunch at school every day. Janis likes to consume her sandwiches in fixed proportions with cigarettes. She eats exactly 3 sandwiches for every pack of cigarettes that she smokes. The price of cigarettes is $4 per pack and the price of sandwiches is 5 per sandwich.

If Janis's parents reduce her income from $395 to $185, by how many packs will her consumption of cigarettes be reduced? Round your final answer to one decimal place.

The parents' goal in the previous question was for Janis to stop smoking cigarettes and spend all her (reduced) allowance on sandwiches. How successful will the parents be in their plan? Explain your reasoning.

Match each scenario below with the most appropriate inferential technique. Group of answer choices

We want to test if at least half of students at a university feel as if the dorms need to be renovated.

We want to estimate the average number of calories in a combo meal at fast food restaurants.

The population standard deviation is unknown.

We want to test if the average number of miles that motorists drive between oil changes is greater than the recommended 3000 miles while assuming a population standard deviation of 1000 miles.

We want to test if high school marching bands are equally made up of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors.

We want to test if the average starting salary of software engineers out of college is greater than \$70,000. The population standard deviation is unknown. We want to estimate the proportion of people who speak more than one language fluently.

5. The head football coach is concerned about high cholesterol level of the assistant coaches. In an
attempt to improve the situation a sample of seven coaches is selected to take part in a special program
in which each coach is given a special diet by the school trainer. After six months each coach’s
cholesterol level is checked again. At the .01 level of significance, can we conclude that the program led
to a change in the cholesterol levels?
Coach Before After
1.            225.   210
2.            230.   225
3.            290.   215
4.             242. 215
5.             300. 240
6.             250. 235
7.            215.   190.                                              1. State the hypotheses:
2. Determine the critical values and diagram.
3. Identify the test statistic:
4. What is the decision rule?
5. Calculate the test statistic:
6. Conclusion and justification
Type of error:
7. p-value: