Topic :Carbon trading.

1. What are carbon permits, credits and offsets?
2. How did the EU-ETS carbon price evolve during 2013-2020? Why is carbonprice volatility a problem?
3. What are TAC? What are MAC?
4. Explain the grandfathering principle used to allocate permits.
5. Why is there reason for trade when the MAC’s of different firms or countries are different?
6. Give two reasons why a carbon emission permit is not a well-defined commodity (as, for instance, a train ticket).
7. Explain why it is impossible to express all global warming costs in monetary terms. (Answer: what is the social rate of discount? What is the money value of ecosystem damage? Etc.)
8. Explain why the carbon market is not a perfectly competitive market?
9. What is the problem with carbon offsets according to Spash?
10.Carbon pricing should be comprehensive. What does this mean?
11.Explain how carbon pricing may stimulate undesirable behaviour?
12.How do environmental motivations get crowded out? Explain in detail.

Suppose that a borrower and a lender agree on the nominal interest rate to be paid on a loan. Then inflation turns out to be lower than they both expected.

1. Is the real interest rate on this loan higher or lower than expected?
2. Use your own “made-up” figures for nominal interest rate, expected inflation rate and actual inflation rate to explain your answer in part “a”?
3. Does the lender gain or lose from this unexpectedly low inflation? Does the borrower gain or lose?
4. Inflation since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has been much lower than people expected it to be. How has this affected home-owners who obtained fixed rate mortgages in the mid -2000s? How did it affect the banks that lent them the money?
5. If you were taking a mortgage today, how would your expectations about inflation in next 10 years affect your decision about whether to fix your mortgage or let it vary?

3) Now you will plan for your retirement. To do this we need to first determine a couple of values.

a. How much will you invest each year? Even $25 a month is a start ($300 a year), you’ll be surprised at how much it will earn. You can choose a number you think you can afford on your life circumstances or you can dream big. State what you will use for P, r, and n to earn credit. (3 points)

The typical example of a retirement investment is an I.R.A., an Individual Retirement Account, although other options are available. However, for this example, we will assume that you are investing in an I.R.A. (for more information see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_Retirement_Account ) earning 8% interest compounded annually. (This is a good estimate, basically, hope for 10%, but expect 8%. But again this is just one example; I would see a financial advisor before investing, as there is some risk involved, which explains the higher interest rates.) List your P, r, and n to earn points for this question.

b. Determine the formula for the accumulated amount that you will have saved for retirement as a function of time and be sure to simplify it as much as possible. You need to be able to show me what you used for r, n, and P so that I can calculate your answers. Plug in those values into the formula and simplify the equation. (5 points)

c. Graph this function from t = 0 to t = 50. (6 points) Ways to show graphs: ? Excel ? Hand draw, take a pic with phone and import it into your document as a picture. ? Online graphing calculator program (try googling free graphing calculators or use one listed in the Tech websites from Module 1)

d. When do you want to retire? Use this to determine how many years you will be investing. (65 years old is a good retirement-age estimate). You need to say how old you are (Age 29) if you are retiring when you are 65 or tell me how long until you retire. State what you will use for t. (2 points)

e. Determine how much you will have at retirement using the values you decided upon above. (5 points)

f. How much of that is interest? (4 points)

g. Now let’s say you wait just 5 years before you start saving for retirement, how much will that cost you in interest? How about 10 years? How about just 1 year? (10 points) Now you need to consider if that is enough. If you live to be 90 years old, well above average, then from the time you retire, to the time you are 90, you will have to live on what you have in retirement (not including social security). So if you retired at 65, you will have another 25 years where your retirement funds have to last.

h. Determine how much you will have to live on each year. Note, we are neither taking into account taxes nor inflation (which is about 2% a year). (5 points) Let’s look at this from the other direction then, supposing that you wanted to have $50,000 a year after retirement.

i. How much would you need to have accumulated before retirement? (5 points)

j. How much would you need to start investing each year, beginning right now, to accumulate this amount? A “short-cut” to doing this is to first compute the effective yield at your retirement age, then divide this amount into Part (i). This is the amount you well need to invest each year. (5 points)

k. That was just using $50,000, how much would you want to have each year to live on? Dream big or reasonable depending on your occupation! Now using that value, repeat parts (i) and (j) again. You need to state what you would want to live on and it needs to be something besides $50,000. (10 points)

Your answer to (k) would work, if you withdrew all of your retirement funds at once and divided it up. However, if you left the money in the account and let it draw interest, it is possible that the interest itself would be enough to live on, or at the very least if you had to withdraw some of the principle, the remaining portion would still continue to earn interest. Essentially, what you have found is the upper bound for the amount of money that you will need to invest each year to attain your financial goals.

l. Finish by summarizing what you have learned in the entire project and consider setting a goal towards saving for retirement. (Your answer should be in complete sentences free of grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes.) This should be a paragraph not one sentence. (10 points)

5. Can the government and the central bank work together to prevent crowding out effect? Use an IS-LM diagram to explain the steps. What should be done by the government and the central bank? Explain your answer.

PLEASE ANSWER THOROUGHLY AND BREAK DOWN EACH STEP. THANK YOU!!

Characteristics of Chemical Equilibrium

The purpose of this lab is to investigate how changing various factors affect an equilibrium system. This lab consists of four independent activities. Each activity changes a component (concentration, temperature, and pressure) in an equilibrium system. Students observe how the changes affect the equilibrium system and analyze the changes using Le Chatelier’s Principle.

Please explain your answers to the following questions using Le Chatelier’s Principle.

Activity A: Nature of Equilibrium

            HIn (aq)    ↔     H⁺(aq)     +      In^– (aq)        …… (A)

            Colorless                                    Pink

            H⁺(aq)       +     OH^-(aq) →     H₂O (l)

If HCl solution is added to the solution in equilibrium A, would the solution become more pink or less pink?

If NaOH solution is added to the solution, which direction would the equilibrium shift to? Would the color become more pink or less pink when NaOH solution is added to the equilibrium?

Activity B: Effect of Concentration

            Fe³⁺⁽aq)      +        SCN^-(aq)       ↔     FeSCN²⁺(aq) ………   (B)

            yellow                     colorless                 red

            Fe³⁺(aq)       +        H₂PO₄^-(aq)   →     FeH₂PO₄²⁺(aq)

            yellow                    colorless                 colorless

Which direction would the equilibrium shift to if Fe(NO₃)₃ solution is added to the equilibrium B?

Which direction would the equilibrium shift to if Na₃PO₄ is added to the equilibrium B?

Activity C: Effect of Temperature

1. Fe³⁺⁽aq)      +       SCN^-(aq)       ↔     FeSCN²⁺(aq)       is an exothermic reaction.

yellow                 colorless                     red

Would the color of the solution become more red or less red if the temperature is increased? What happens if the temperature is decreased?

2. Co(H₂O)₆²⁺ (aq)    +     4Cl^–(aq)    ↔     CoCl₄^2- (aq)     +    6H₂O (l)

pink                                                               blue

When the solution is heated to boiling, it turns from pink to blue.

Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic?

Bonus: if AgNO₃ is added to the above blue solution, would the solution change color back to pink? If HCl is then added to the solution, would the color change again?

Activity D: Effect of Pressure

2 CO₂(g)    +      H₂O(l)   ↔   CO₂ (aq)   +   H⁺(aq)     +   HCO₃^-(aq)

The reaction forms equilibrium in a large syringe with changeable volume.

Would the solution become more acidic or less acidic when the volume is increased? What happens if the volume is decreased?

A Detailed Pros and Cons analysis with at least 7 Pros and 5 Cons of the Strategic Action. This section should lead with statement that, describes what the strategic action is, what primary level or secondary level strategy the action is meant to achieve, and how that fits with the firm’s Generic Strategy. Then the Pros and Cons will help you evaluate how well the strategic action fulfills the strategy. The pros and cons should not be vague positives from the book or the article but specific to your understanding of the companies involved. Use of Numbers or Bullet points are also strongly recommended for each unique pro or con.

TOPIC- On November 1, Google paid $2.1 billion to acquire Fitbit, one of the most well-known fitness tracker brands in the world

A factory building transformers and capasitors in Masai, Johor, discovered a chemical spill from one of their drums of polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) into the soil of their compound. You are with the team of officers from the Department of Environment (DOE). What type of bioremediation would you choose of this clean-up and why? Name and describe (in detail) this specific method you would use. answer less than 500 words.

Please use excel and show the excel formulas in detail.

Alice wants to deposit $35,000 now $45,000 at the end of 6 years at a bank that pays 10% interest compounded semiannually. She wants to withdraw an amount every year for the first 6 years and to withdraw exactly $1000 more for the following four years. What is the maximum amount she could withdraw in year 1?

Use your understanding of correlation coefficient, r, to answer the following questions.

a) What values can r take?

b) What values of r indicate a strong relationship between the variables?

c) If two variables, X and Y, have a correlation coefficient of r = .5 what can you say about their relationship?

d) If two variables, X and Y, have a correlation coefficient of r = -.02 what can you say about their relationship?

Two parallel wires separated by d=30 cm carry currents of I1=2.0 A and I2=1.5 A in the same direction. (a) [6] Use Ampere’s law to find the magnitude and direction of the field B21 on wire 2 created by the current in wire 1. Explain your use of the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field B21. (b) [6] What is the magnitude and direction of force exerted on wire 2 by the current in wire 1? Again, explain your use the right-hand rule.