Reinforcement and Punishment

Social learning theory postulates that gender development is influenced by social environment, which includes the media. An individual’s gender-related behavior is either reinforced or punished during the development period based on the existing social beliefs and standards.

The following assignment will help you examine gender development from the perspective of both boys and girls based on today’s culture and with a look toward future trends.

Using the module readings, the online library resources, and the Internet, research social learning theory and gender development during childhood.

Applying the tenets of the social learning theory, explain the role of reinforcement and punishment in gender-related behaviors for boys and girls. Address the following:

Identify 3–5 examples of gender-related behaviors that are developed through reinforcement or punishment. Be sure to provide a balanced view for boys and girls, and select examples which apply to the development of both boys and girls.

Explain, in detail, how these behaviors have been shaped by reinforcement and punishment.

Describe your own experiences with reinforcement and punishment of gender-related behaviors.

Comment on the following:

Explain the role of popular culture in the development of reinforcements and punishments.

Describe what reinforcements and punishments might look like in the future, given current societal trends.

Support your assertions using valid research. Be sure to integrate a reflection of your personal experiences and examples throughout your paper.

13-3 Cytoskeletal Studies. Described here are the results of several recent studies on the proteins of the cytoskeleton. In each case, state the conclusion(s) that can be drawn from the findings.

(c)A macrophage cell can ‘crawl’ towards foreign pathogens and inactivate them. A diver came in contact with Latrunculia magnifica via an open wound. If the diver is exposed to harmful
bacteria at the same time, how will the macrophages in the diver’s blood respond?

13-6 Spongy Actin. You are interested in the detailed effects of cytochalasin D on microfilaments over time. Based on what you know about the molecular mechanism of action of cytochalasins, describe what happens to MFs in cells treated with the drug. In particular, explain why existing actin polymers eventually depolymerize.

Create one detail use-case description for the dentist office system , but do not bother to identify the flow of events within each use case. Whenever new patients are seen for the first time, they complete a patient information form that asks their name, address, phone number and brief medical history, which are stored in the patient information file. When a patient calls to schedule a new appointment or change an existing appointment, the receptionist checks the appointment file for an available time. Once a good time is found for the patient, the appointment is scheduled. If the patient is a new patient, an incomplete entry is made in the patient file; the full information will be collected when they arrive for their appointment. Because appointments are often made so far in advance, the receptionist usually mails a reminder postcard to each patient two weeks before their appointment.

Conduct research or use an organisation that you know of, get a copy of an Annual Report.

Answer the following questions:

1. To whom is this report disseminated and how is this done?

2. Why do these people need the information contained in the Annual Report?

3. What financial information does the report offer? Describe the contents of the report and explain what it tells you about the business’ activities—successes and non-successes—during the year.

4. Examine the financial summaries for information about the fiscal condition of the company. Did the company show a profit?

5. What sorts of recommendations are made and what suggestions are made regarding business activities for the upcoming year?

Business faculty at a prestigious community college wanted to evaluate the infuence of Netflix on student academic performance. After careful consideration, the faculty decided to conduct a prelimary study to see if they could justify a more detailed analysis. The preliminary study follows:

Sixty (60) students were selected for two sections of a Business Adminstration class. The students were selected based on their previous performance in an introductory level course. In order to enroll in one of the sections, students had to earn an 85 or higher in the introductory course.

The students in Section 1 agreed to spend at least 15 hours per week preparing for class. During the 15 hours, the students were required to work either in the library or a comparable, on-campus study location that was completely free of distractions (i.e., no smartphones, musical devices, or any other digital media).

The students in Section 2 were given free, unlimited access to Netflix and encouraged to use their account as much as possible when not preparing for class. The students were not required to spend any time preparing for class.

Both sections were taught by the same professor using the same materials. Great care was taken to insure that both classes received approximately the same course content at the same time.

The following data shows the test scores for each student on the first test:

1/ What type of statistics are in columns two (2) and six (6)?

Group of answer choices

Quantitative
Qualitative

2/What is the measurement scale of the data in columns 3 and 7?

Group of answer choices

Ordinal

Nominal

Ratio
Interval


3/What is the measurement of scale in columns 2 and 6?

Group of answer choices

Ordinal

Ratio

Nominal

Interval

4/This is a ________ data set.  

Group of answer choices

Sample

Population

5/Construct frequency and relative frequency distributions that summarize the grades for each class based on the grading scale.

[Prepare the frequency table in Excel and upload the table here.]

6/Create a Stem and Leaf plot and upload your chart here.

7/Calculate the arithmetic mean for Section 1 _____ and Section 2 _____

8/Find the median for Section 1 ______ and Section 2 ______

9/Find the mode for Section 1 ______ and Section 2 _______

10/ Section 1 is

Group of answer choices
Multimodal

Unimodal

Bimodal

11/ Section 2 is

Group of answer choices
Multimodal

Unimodal

Bimodal

12/ Find the value of the 25^th _______ and 75^th  _______ percentile for Section 1.
13/ Find the value of the 25^th _______ and 75^th _______ percentile for Section 2.

This problem will relate some of the ideas of microstates, ensemble, statisticalmechanical entropy, and our ideal model of many identical oscillators, to intuitive notions of entropy and disorder in a very complex system – a protein. A protein is basically a long chain of amino acid residues that folds into a regular shape and performs a huge variety of biological functions. Biochemistry and biology students will already know a lot about proteins, you may know a lot after having taken organic chemistry. If you don’t know anything about them, it’s a good idea to learn some. The protein in its folded state is called the “native” state. There are beautiful pictures of folded proteins that are easily accessible. Google [ protein folded unfolded ] then go to “images” and you will find many pictures, e.g. the top row on the left and right are good. Intuitively, one says the properly folded structure is “ordered” and therefore low entropy, the unfolded structure is “disordered” and therefore high entropy. In terms of statistical mechanics, if we think in the microcanonical ensemble (ignore any heat bath), there should be an ensemble W_f for the folded condition and W_u for the unfolded condition. Then S_f = lnW_f and S_u = lnW_u. What does this have to do with order anddisorder?

Think in terms of an oscillator model and its degeneracies. The protein with N atoms in either its folded or unfolded state has 3N vibrational modes i.e. consists of 3N oscillators. The oscillators do not have identical frequencies by any stretch of the imagination. But think of each state as having some “average frequency” ωf or ωu, and then imagine the 3N oscillators to all be identical. Each state, folded or unfolded has the same energy E in the microcanonical ensemble.

Now, try to argue, qualitatively but as persuasively as possible why the “ordered” protein has a much smaller ensemble Wf than the unfolded protein with ensemble Wu, and therefore a lower entropy.

(Hint: the folded protein sort of “snaps together” with non-covalent bonds. Think about

what this does to the average frequency. (Hint: see the frequency equation for an oscillator

in the lecture notes. Think about the bonding in the folded protein in connection with the

oscillator force constant in the frequency expression. Think about what this means for the

number of quanta. Think about what this means when you plug into the combinatorial

formula for the number of microstates in the oscillator model

An article in the Archives of Internal Medicine reported that in a sample of 244 men, 73 had elevated total cholesterol levels (more than 200 milligrams per deciliter). In a sample of 232 women, 44 had elevated cholesterol levels. use the a=0.05

a) Write the hypotheses for the test.

b) Calculate the difference in sample proportions between groups.

c) Using 2PropZTest, calculate a P-value.

d) Fill in the blanks to explain what the P-value means: If there is __________________________ between the proportions of high cholesterol, then there is a ___ % chance that there is a _______ or ______________ percentage point difference between the high cholesterol rates.

e) What is your decision about the null hypothesis? Why?

f) Statistically, is there a significant difference between high cholesterol rates of men and women? Support your answer.

g) Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the difference in high cholesterol rates. Does the confidence interval strengthen or weaken your conclusions in parts e) and f)? Why?

When researches incubate whole red blood cells with lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and radioactive iodine I 125 and then separate the proteins in SDS gel, several radioactive lines are obtained cause iodine binds to prominent tyrosine and histidine residues outside the cell membrane.
When researches incubate whole red blood cells with galactose oxidase and reduce them with sodium borohydride that contains tritium (H-BH43) several radioactive lines are obtained which are just some of the proteins that have been marked with radioactive iodine , thus galactose residues stand out of the cell.
a) Explain the difference in the number of proteins obtained in the two experiments above
b) Why the results of the second experiment do not reflect mark of all the sugars in the membrane?
c) What results will be obtained if we conduct an experiment identical to that described in the question but with inverse vesicles (these are closed vesicles containing all membrane components but where the outer leaf of the membrane turns inward and inward leaf outward)? Thank you!

When researches incubate whole red blood cells with lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and radioactive iodine I 125 and then separate the proteins in SDS gel, several radioactive lines are obtained cause iodine binds to prominent tyrosine and histidine residues outside the cell membrane.
When researches incubate whole red blood cells with galactose oxidase and reduce them with sodium borohydride that contains tritium (H-BH43) several radioactive lines are obtained which are just some of the proteins that have been marked with radioactive iodine , thus galactose residues stand out of the cell. 
a) Explain the difference in the number of proteins obtained in the two experiments above
b) Why the results of the second experiment do not reflect mark of all the sugars in the membrane? 
c) What results will be obtained if we conduct an experiment identical to that described in the question but with inverse vesicles (these are closed vesicles containing all membrane components but where the outer leaf of the membrane turns inward and inward leaf outward)?