1. A closer look - Food insecurity in the United States

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, approximately 795 million people are chronically undernourished worldwide. Undernutrition means that a person consumes insufficient energy to meet his or her metabolic needs. Many food security organizations set this minimum at 2,000 kcal/day for a person to be well nourished.

Examine the figure depicting the food security status of U.S. households and then answer the question that follows.

1. According to the definitions used by the USDA Economic Resource Service, what percentage of U.S. households had access, at all times, to enough food for an active, healthy life for all members?

86%

5.6%

8.4%

14%

2. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, a rib eye steak has an energy density of approximately 2,650 kcal/kg. A person could conceivably consume 730,000 kcal/year simply by eating 275.5 kg of steak over the course of a year, or 26.5 oz every day. Would a person who did this be likely to be properly nourished, and why or why not?

No; 730,000 kcal/year is not enough food to avoid undernutrition.

No; beef is too fattening. The person would probably suffer from overnutrition.

Yes; 730,000 kcal/year is a reasonable minimum level of consumption to avoid undernutrition.

No; beef lacks some essential nutrients. The person would probably suffer from malnutrition.

3. There are many federal and local programs in the United States that aim to prevent or relieve malnutrition or undernutrition, thereby reducing the prevalence of food insecurity. Match the programs below with their major role in promoting adequate nutrition and increasing the prevalence of food security in the United States.

4. The following two images show maps of the United States: The map on the left depicts prevalence of food insecurity relative to the U.S. average from 2012–2014; the map on the right depicts poverty rates throughout the United States from 2014.

5. Which region of the United States has the highest prevalence of food insecurity?

South

Southwest

Northwest

Northeast

6. Which region of the United States has the highest level of poverty?

Northwest

Southwest

South

Northeast

7. After analyzing the maps, one can conclude that higher poverty levels are linked with:

Higher levels of food security

Have no effect on food security

Lower levels of food security

The College Board provided comparisons of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores based on the highest level of education attained by the test taker's parents. A research hypothesis was that students whose parents had attained a higher level of education would on average score higher on the SAT. The overall mean SAT math score was 514.† SAT math scores for independent samples of students follow. The first sample shows the SAT math test scores for students whose parents are college graduates with a bachelor's degree. The second sample shows the SAT math test scores for students whose parents are high school graduates but do not have a college degree.

(a)

Formulate the hypotheses that can be used to determine whether the sample data support the hypothesis that students show a higher population mean math score on the SAT if their parents attained a higher level of education. (Let μ₁ = population mean verbal score of students whose parents are college graduates with a bachelor's degree and μ₂ = population mean verbal score of students whose parents are high school graduates but do not have a college degree.) For purposes of this study, assume the population variances are unequal when conducting the t-test.

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ ≥ 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ < 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ < 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ > 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ ≠ 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ ≠ 0

(b)

What is the point estimate of the difference between the means for the two populations?

(c)

Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

Compute the p-value for the hypothesis test. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)

p-value =

(d)

At

α = 0.05,

what is your conclusion?

Reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.Do not Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.      Do not reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.

The College Board provided comparisons of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores based on the highest level of education attained by the test taker's parents. A research hypothesis was that students whose parents had attained a higher level of education would on average score higher on the SAT. The overall mean SAT math score was 514.† SAT math scores for independent samples of students follow. The first sample shows the SAT math test scores for students whose parents are college graduates with a bachelor's degree. The second sample shows the SAT math test scores for students whose parents are high school graduates but do not have a college degree.

College Grads 485            503

550        517

666        542

554        394

534        531

572        562

497        448

576        469

High School Grads 442 492

580        478

479        425

486        485

528        390

524        535

(a)

Formulate the hypotheses that can be used to determine whether the sample data support the hypothesis that students show a higher population mean math score on the SAT if their parents attained a higher level of education. (Let μ1 = population mean verbal score of students whose parents are college graduates with a bachelor's degree and μ2 = population mean verbal score of students whose parents are high school graduates but do not have a college degree.) For purposes of this study, assume the population variances are unequal when conducting the t-test.

H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0

Ha: μ1 − μ2 ≠ 0

H0: μ1 − μ2 < 0

Ha: μ1 − μ2 = 0

H0: μ1 − μ2 ≥ 0

Ha: μ1 − μ2 < 0

H0: μ1 − μ2 = 0

Ha: μ1 − μ2 > 0

H0: μ1 − μ2 ≠ 0

Ha: μ1 − μ2 = 0

(b)

What is the point estimate of the difference between the means for the two populations?

(c)

Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

Compute the p-value for the hypothesis test. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)

p-value =

(d)

At

α = 0.05,

what is your conclusion?

Reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates. Do not reject H0. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.     Reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates. Do not Reject H0. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.

Hypothesis test of one mean

1. A random sample of eight students participated in a psychological test of depth perception. Two markers, one labeled A and the other B, were arranged at a fixed distance apart at the far end of the laboratory. One by one the students were asked to judge the distance between the two markers at the other end of the room. The sample data (in feet) were as follows:

2.2, 2.3, 2.7, 2.4, 1.9, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6

At the alpha =0.05 level of significance, test if the mean distance is more than 2 feet

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Give the p-value
3. Give a conclusion for the hypothesis test.
4. Find a 95% Confidence Interval.
5. Write a conclusion for the confidence interval

Hypothesis test of two means

2. A random sample of non-English majors at a selected college was used in a study to see if the student retained more from reading a 19^th century level novel or by watching it in DVD form. Each student was assigned one novel to read and a different one to watch, and then they were given a hundred point quiz on each novel. The test results are shown:

DVD          90 82 85 95 70 75 85

BOOK       95 85 95 75 85 95 84

Alpha = 0.05, can it be concluded that the DVD scores are less than the BOOK?

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Give the p-value.
3. Give a conclusion for the hypothesis test.

Hypothesis test of one proportion

3. The national average for the percentage of high school graduates taking the SAT is 49%. A random sample of 300 high school graduating seniors were polled across a particular tri state area, and it was found that 195 had taken the SAT.

At alpha = 0.05 level of significance, does the proportion of high school graduates who take the SAT in this area agree with the national average?

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Give the p-value.
3. Give a conclusion for the hypothesis test.
4. Find a 95% Confidence Interval.
5. Write a conclusion for the confidence interval.

Hypothesis test of two proportions

4. The drug Prevnar is a vaccine meant to prevent certain types of bacterial meningitis. It is typically administered to infants starting around two months old. In a randomized doubled-blind clinical trials of Prevnar, infants were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 received Prevnar while Group 2 received a control vaccine. After the second dose, 137 of 452 subjects in group 1 effect experienced drowsiness as a side effect. After the second dose, 31 of 99 subjects in Group 2 experienced drowsiness as a side effect. Does the evidence suggest that there is a different proportion between the groups at alpha =0.05 level of significance?

(a) State the null and alternative hypothesis

(b) Give the p-value

(c) Give a conclusion for the hypothesis test.

You may need to use the appropriate technology to answer this question.

The College Board provided comparisons of Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores based on the highest level of education attained by the test taker's parents. A research hypothesis was that students whose parents had attained a higher level of education would on average score higher on the SAT. The overall mean SAT math score was 514.† SAT math scores for independent samples of students follow. The first sample shows the SAT math test scores for students whose parents are college graduates with a bachelor's degree. The second sample shows the SAT math test scores for students whose parents are high school graduates but do not have a college degree.

(a)

Formulate the hypotheses that can be used to determine whether the sample data support the hypothesis that students show a higher population mean math score on the SAT if their parents attained a higher level of education. (Let μ₁ = population mean verbal score of students whose parents are college graduates with a bachelor's degree and μ₂ = population mean verbal score of students whose parents are high school graduates but do not have a college degree.) For purposes of this study, assume the population variances are unequal when conducting the t-test.

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ < 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ ≠ 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ ≠ 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ ≥ 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ < 0

H₀: μ₁ − μ₂ = 0

H_a: μ₁ − μ₂ > 0

(b)

What is the point estimate of the difference between the means for the two populations?

(c)

Find the value of the test statistic. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)

Compute the p-value for the hypothesis test. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)

p-value =

(d)

At

α = 0.05,

what is your conclusion?

Do not reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.Do not Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.      Reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that higher population mean verbal scores are associated with students whose parents are college graduates.

Nadine has been dating Jim for eight years. They began dating in college and Nadine reports that she remained supportive of Jim throughout his years in medical school and residency as a doctor. Nadine reports that it has not always been easy for her as she often will feel neglected by Jim due to his busy schedule, though she has never communicated these feelings to Jim, since she does not want to appear “selfish” or “nagging” and she does not want to be a cause of further stress in his life. Nadine was recently diagnosed with kidney disease, which has created a considerable amount of stress in her personal and professional life. She reports that her graduate school program was not understanding of her need to miss classes due to multiple doctor appointments. Furthermore, she was not able to request a medical leave from her program, which ultimately led to her having to leave her graduate program due to her medical issues. Nadine reports that while she has discussed these current stressors with Jim, he does not always appear to understand the loss she is feeling. She reports that Jim will tell her that she should seek legal action against her school and that she should not be so passive. Nadine reports that Jim is often dismissive regarding the severity of her condition, noting that she will be fine. Nadine expresses a desire for Jim to accompany her on doctor appointments, however she will not ask him as he has repeatedly mentioned how busy he is and how little time he has for himself outside of work. Nadine reports that she will often cry to herself every day due to the fear she has regarding her health condition as well as her feelings of failure that she was not able to complete her studies due to becoming sick. Nadine has expressed that she would like to have Jim join a session in order to help her communicate what she has been feeling, as well as address the continued detachment she reports within their relationship. Jim has thus far not agreed to join Nadine in therapy, reporting that his schedule does not make it possible and he does not believe that therapy is necessary to address the issues within their relationship, but rather that it is Nadine’s passivity which is causing her unhappiness.

1. What are some negative automatic thoughts that you identify Nadine to have? What are negative automatic thoughts that you identify Jim is having? Describe cognitive behavioral techniques that you would use with this couple?

2. Do you believe that Jim and Nadine will be able to work through their conflict? If yes, what are the indicators that this couple has a chance to solve their problems? If no, what are the indicators that this relationship is headed toward the end?

This assignment is the same for both Florida & non Florida students. This problem requires the student to develop a simple budget. At the end of the course, the student will receive a STAR for completing this assignment. This assignment must be completed in either MS Excel or in with a MS Word table*

Budget Case Problem

Meadow Lake Elementary will receive 600 additional students next fiscal year. This increase in student enrollment will raise the school over the number needed for several additional staff. You are only concerned with the budget for the additional students.

Your school will be allocated an additional:

Description    Salary Costs

Assistant Principal $ 53,000

Guidance Counselor $ 48,000

4 six-hour Teacher Aides $  9,600 each

Regular Classroom Teachers $ 48,000 each

One ESE Classroom Teacher $ 48,000 each

One Speech/Language Teacher  $ 48,000 each

One ESOL Teacher $ 48,000 each

One Custodian     $ 20,000

Secretary Clerk    $ 14,000

Data Processor,   $ 16,000

The regular education student-teacher formula is 20:1

The school will also receive:

A.  $ 4 per student for administrative supplies

B.  $16 per student for classroom supplies for regular teacher

C.  $ 5 per student for custodial supplies

D.  $ 300 per classroom teacher (ALL teachers except speech/language) for textbooks

E.  $ 200 per ESE teacher for ESE supplies

F.  $ 200 per ESOL Teacher for ESOL supplies

G.  A computer package for making class presentations for each regular, ESE, and ESOL teacher (not Speech) (package includes laptop computer with LCD projector) - cost per package is $3,500 per teacher.

H.  Substitute budget for $ 5,000

Outline and total the school's additional budget resources based on the increased enrollment. Use State of Florida Function and Objectcodes (Redbook codes), and group the budgeted items by common function.

Use the following headers: (an Excel spreadsheet is available to assist with this assignment)

  FUNCTION  OBJECT     DESCRIPTION     EMP. CT.  SALARY  NON-SALARY

Using the following employee benefit costs, determine the TOTAL employee costs for the enrollment increase (Salary + Benefits)

  Variable Benefits  Fixed Benefits

  Retirement   10.40%     Health $ 7,500

  FICA     7.65%   Life $   125

  Work Comp    1.50%

  Total   19.55%      $ 7,625

1. What are the Function & Object codes for each of the personnel items?  – (4 points, ½ point for each incorrect Function or Object code).

2. What are the Employee Counts for each Function group? (2 points, ½ point for each incorrect employee count)

3. What are the total non-Salary Costs, by Function and Object, for the non-salary items for these additional 600 students? (3 points, ½ points for each incorrect Function, Object, or total cost)

4. What are the total variable and fixed employee benefit costs? (1 point, ½ point each)

Gill Bates graduated from university six years ago with an undergraduate degree in finance. Although he is satisfied with his current job, his goal is to become an investment banker. He feels that an MBA degree would allow him to achieve this goal. After examining schools, he has narrowed his choice to either Canada University or America University. Although internships are encouraged by both schools, to get class credit for the internship, no salary can be paid. Other than internships, neither school will allow its students to work while enrolled in its MBA program. Gill currently works at the money management firm of Dewey and Louis. His annual salary at the firm is $65,000 per year, expected to increase at 3 percent per year until retirement. He is currently 28 years old and expects to work for 40 more years. His current job includes a fully paid health insurance plan, and his current average tax rate is 26 percent. Gill has a savings account with enough money to cover the entire cost of his MBA program. The Faculty of Management at Canada University is one of the top MBA programs in the country. The MBA degree requires two years of full-time enrollment at the university. The annual tuition is $70,000, payable at the beginning of each school year. Books and other supplies are estimated to cost $3,000 per year. Gill expects that after graduation from Canada, he will receive a job offer for about $110,000 per year, with a $20,000 signing bonus. The salary at this job will increase at 4 percent per year. Because of the higher salary, his average income tax rate will increase to 31 percent. The School of Business at America University began its MBA program 16 years ago and is less well known than Canada University's Faculty of Management. America University offers an accelerated, one-year program, with a tuition cost of $85,000 to be paid upon graduation. Books and other supplies for the program are expected to cost $4,500. Gill thinks that he will receive an offer of $92,000 per year upon graduation, with an $18,000 signing bonus. The salary at this job will increase at 3.5 percent per year. His average tax rate at this level of income will be 29 percent. Both schools offer a health insurance plan that will cost $3,000 per year, payable at the beginning of the year. Gill also estimates that room and board expenses will cost $2,000 more per year at both schools than his current expenses, payable at the beginning of each year. The appropriate discount rate is 6.5 percent. 1. Assuming all salaries are paid at the end of each year, which is the best option for Gill—from a strictly financial standpoint.

Consider the following edited excerpt from an article published in the The Economist on May 30, 2019: On May 27th FCA [Fiat Chrysler Automobiles], an Italian-American firm, said it was seeking a merger with its French counterpart Renault. If a deal goes ahead, it will create an automotive colossus... The grand total of 15m cars [jointly sold by the two firms] would leave everyone in the dust. Sergio Marchionne, FCA’s charismatic boss who died last year, had called for consolidation of the mass market, where slender profits are partly the result of duplicated investment in similar technologies, such as engines, that do little to differentiate brands. On paper, FCA and Renault look like perfect partners. They plug gaps in each other’s businesses both geographically and in terms of products. FCA’s strength and profits come from America; Renault’s from Europe. The French firm’s cheapmodels and EV [electric vehicles] know-how complement FCA’s pickups and upmarket brands such as Alfa Romeo and Maserati. If size at the top of the industry moves from 10m to 15m cars a year, will others seek to follow? Ford and VW are in a partnership that could grow closer. PSA, which makes Peugeots and Citro¨ens, is open to offers. In the following questions you are expected to uses models and concepts developed in class. The goal is to apply those models to better understand the forces at work that are described in the article. (a) Why did Mr. Marchionne worry about firms’ investments in technologies that do little to differentiate brands? (b) How would you rationalize the geographic differences in levels of profits and (arguably) market shares among FCA and Renault in the Cournot model? (c) What would the model in (b) predict about the allocation of output across markets if the merger goes through—would FCA start selling more or less in Europe? (d) Would the merged firm keep the output at 15m cars a year? Would the competitors be willing to increase or decrease their production? (e) In the last paragraph, why could the competitors be inclined to merge if the merger described in the article goes through? (f) Based on the facts provided in the article, why could an antitrust authority be worried about this merger? How could the merging firms defend their case in the eyes of the regulator?

1) A bond's yield to maturity takes into consideration:
A. current yieldbut not price changes of a bond.
B. price changesbut not current yield of a bond.
C. both currentyield and price changes of a bond.
D. neither current yield nor price changes of a bond.

2: 3) What price will be paid for a U.S. Treasury bond with an ask price of 135:20?
A. $1,350.20
B. $1,350.31
C. $1,350.63
D. $1,356.25

16) The manager of XYZ Corp. feels that a dividend increase will increase stock price because many investors value stock with a dividend-discount model. Why might MM disagree with this assertion?
A. The increased dividend makes the firm much riskier.
B. Future dividendgrowth may slow due to lower retained earnings.
C. Investors prefer capital gains over dividends.
D. Dividend increaseswill increase the book value but not the market value of the firm.

Please explain why to those questions. Thank you.