In June 2008, the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology reported on the use of an intermittent therapy for flare prevention and long-term disease control of eczema (red, inflamed, itchy skin). Eczema is a chronic skin disease that affects about 10% to 20% of infants and about 3% of adults and children in the United States. Researchers wanted to determine whether intermittent dosing with a specific topical inhibitor is effective in preventing eczema flare-ups in patients with stabilized eczema. Initially, 383 adults and children with moderate to severe eczema were treated with daily doses of the topical inhibitor. After 16 weeks, 197 were disease free and admitted into the maintenance phase of the study. These patients were randomized to a 3-times-weekly treatment with either the topical inhibitor or a placebo for 40 weeks. All tubes of ointments (topical inhibitor and placebo) were packaged in identical boxes and labeled “for investigational use only.” Then the packages were sealed with tamper-proof seals and shipped. Neither the researchers nor the patients knew who received the topical inhibitor or who received the placebo. During the maintenance phase researchers tracked the number of flare-free days for each patient.

Which of the following design features contributes to double blinding?
A.Randomization of patients to one of two groups

B. Distinguishing the packaging for both treatments

C. The number of flare-free days for each patient

{Exercise 4.19 (Algorithmic)} The National Sporting Goods Association conducted a survey of persons 7 years of age or older about participation in sports activities (Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002). The total population in this age group was reported at 248.5 million, with 120.9 million male and 127.6 million female. The number of participants for the top five sports activities appears here. Participants (millions)             Activity                                     Male                                     Female             Bicycle riding                                     20.7                                     22.5             Camping                                     24.1                                     25.8             Exercise walking                                     30.2                                     59.2             Exercising with equipment                                           18.9                                     25.9             Swimming                                     24.9                                     32.9                                     For a randomly selected female, estimate the probability of participation in each of the sports activities (to 2 decimals). Note that the probabilities do not sum to 1 because of participation in more than one sports activity. Bicycle riding Camping Exercise walking Exercising with equipment Swimming For a randomly selected male, estimate the probability of participation in each of the sports activities (to 2 decimals). Note that the probabilities do not sum to 1 because of participation in more than one sports activity. Bicycle riding Camping Exercise walking Exercising with equipment Swimming For a randomly selected person, what is the probability the person participates in exercise walking (to 2 decimals)? Suppose you just happen to see an exercise walker going by. What is the probability the walker is a woman (to 2 decimals)? What is the probability the walker is a man (to 2 decimals)?

Traditionally Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) has followed foreign trade since foreign trade is typically less costly and risky than making a direct investment into foreign markets. Entering a market via FDI allows management to enter the market in small increments controlling their investment. However, the globalization of markets is challenging this traditional market entry strategy.

For example, you have probably noticed that currency risk and fluctuations, such as the weaker dollar, higher euro - and sovereign financial debt and austerity measures in countries and ECB actions have been at the forefront of economic discussions for a number of years. In the midst, some time ago there was discussion in Washington on the Chinese purchase of Smithfield. InBev, the Belgian-Brazilian beer company, led the way in 2008 by acquiring Anheuser-Busch. For America needs businesses from the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and businesses from all over the world to take a new look at the U.S. market. Investments by foreign firms are vital to fund growth and expansion of the U.S. companies. The United States generally remains the largest single recipient of foreign direct investment in the world for recent several years.

How is this new international business environment causing the path to market expansion to change. How would you analyze this development and purchase of American companies by businesses from emerging economies?

Determining Market-Based and Negotiated Transfer Prices

Clanahan, Inc., has a number of divisions around the world. Division US (in the United States) purchases a component from Division N (in the Netherlands). The component can be purchased externally for $25.10 each. The freight and insurance on the item amount to $2.50; however, commissions of $2.50 need not be paid.

Required:

Round your answers to the nearest cent.

1. Calculate the transfer price using the comparable uncontrolled price method.
$ per unit

2. Suppose that there is no outside market for the component that Division N transfers to Division US. Further assume that Division US sells the component for $31.20 and normally receives a 30 percent markup on cost of goods sold. Calculate the transfer price using the resale price method.
$ per unit

3. Now assume that there is no external market for the component transferred from Division N to Division US, and that the component is used in the manufacture of another product (i.e., it is not resold). Calculate the transfer price using the cost-plus method. Further assume that Division N’s manufacturing cost for the component is $18.10.
$ per unit

4. What if commissions avoided were $2.75 per unit?

What would be the comparable uncontrolled price?
$ per unit

What affect would this have on the resale price?

What affect would this have on the cost-plus price?

For fiscal year 2019, the U.S. federal deficit was $984 billion and the national debt grew to $22.8 trillion. (You can find real-time numbers for the deficit, debt, and much more at US Debt Clock.) The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projects federal deficits to exceed $1 trillion each year beginning in 2022 if current laws do not change. In 2019, federal debt held by the public was 78% of GDP, with the CBO projecting that to rise to more than 92% by 2029. In an April 2018 report, the Cato Institute stated that the United States is the only advanced country expected to show an increasing debt-to-GDP ratio through 2023*.

• What is the difference between the federal deficit and the national debt?
• What are the economic consequences of a rising federal deficit and national debt?
• Should we be concerned about the sizes (and projected increases) of the deficit and debt? Why or why not?
• Who exactly do we owe this money to, and does this make a difference in terms of our level of concern?
• What can the government do to reduce the deficit numbers? Be specific, explaining how the numbers would be reduced, and if the government actually should use these methods of deficit reduction.
• How has federal spending changed as a result of COVID-19, and what do you think this will do to the projections of the overall federal deficit and debt?

Kimberly’s story will wreck the hardest of hearts. Kimberly has lived on the streets since the age of 7, which is when her father murdered Kimberly’s mother for being a heroin addict.

I met Kimberly in San Diego. She has terminal cancer and has to wear a colostomy bag. Because of that, there are no services to help get her off the streets. Kimberly only has four months left to live.

Kimberly hopes to come into some money so she and her husband can buy a small RV and travel for what little time she has left

How typical is this family’s situation based on what you know about the prevalence of homelessness in the United States? Include relevant statistics.

What barriers to healthcare might this family face because of homelessness, unstable housing, or food insecurity?

Has mental illness affected the family you chose? In what ways do you see mental illness affecting the family’s future? If no mental illness is noted in the family, consider how the social structure of your chosen family serves as a risk factor for mental illness and what can be done on a family level to mitigate that risk.

As an NP working in a federally qualified health center, what interventions can you do for this patient during a clinic visit to improve patient and family outcomes?

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is a top corporate manager whose primary job is to lead the day-to-day running of the corporation and whose primary goal is to maximize shareholder value. To incentivize CEOs, many large corporations have been compensating CEOs with various forms of pay-for-performance in addition to a fixed annual salary. According to some estimates, over the last two decades CEO compensation in the United States has on average increased by 600%, with a disproportionate increase in equity-based compensation (e.g. stock options). These increases in executive compensation, particularly stock options, have generated enormous controversy. The recent high-profile corporate scandals and financial market tsunami have led some observers to argue that the excessive focus on shareholder value maximization in general, and inadequately designed executive compensation in particular, have led to managerial gross misbehavior as well as short-termism. Some argue that rapid increases in executive compensation represent unmerited transfers of shareholder wealth to top executives with limited if any incentive effects, and at times have led to outright frauds. The problem is exacerbated when the CEO is also the chairman of the board of directors. The adverse effects of excessive CEO compensation are particularly severe in countries where institutional checks such as shareholder protection and shareholder activism are weak.

Required：

Identify any potential conflicts of interest and suggest possible solutions.

The owner of WebCity is trying to decide whether to remain a proprietorship or to incorporate. Suppose that the corporate tax rate on profits is

40 percent and the personal income tax rate is 50 percent. For simplicity, assume that all corporate profits (after corporate taxes are paid) are distributed as dividends in the year they are earned and that such dividends are subject to tax at the personal income tax rate.

If the owner of WebCity expects to earn $130,000 in before-tax profits this year, regardless of whether the firm is a proprietorship or a corporation, which method of organization should be chosen?

?

Proprietorship

Either one

Corporation

.

What is the dollar value of the after-tax advantage of this form of organization?

$.

Suppose that tax policy is changed to completely exempt from personal taxation the first

$28,000 per year in dividends (or profits), which method of organization should be chosen?

?

Either one

Corporation

Proprietorship

.

Suppose that the corporate form of organization has cost advantages that will raise before-tax profits by

$40,000.

Should the owner of WebCity incorporate?

?

No

Yes

.

By how much would after-tax profits change due to incorporation?

$ .

How can you explain the fact that even though corporate profits are subject to double taxation, most business in the United States is conducted by corporations rather than by proprietorships or partnerships?

A. A proprietorship structure provides limited liability for owners.

B. A corporate structure provides limited liability for owners.

C. A corporate structure guarantees higher profits.

D. None of the above.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the average number of hours of TV viewing by adults (18 and over) per week in the United States is 36.07 hours. Suppose the standard deviation is 8.7 hours and a random sample of 51 adults is taken. Appendix A Statistical Tables a. What is the probability that the sample average is more than 36 hours? b. What is the probability that the sample average is less than 36.6 hours? c. What is the probability that the sample average is less than 29 hours? If the sample average actually is less than 40 hours, what would it mean in terms of the Nielsen Media Research figures? d. Suppose the population standard deviation is unknown. If 66% of all sample means are greater than 35 hours and the population mean is still 36.07 hours, what is the value of the population standard deviation?

a. What is the probability that the sample average is more than 36 hours?
b. What is the probability that the sample average is less than 36.6 hours?
c. What is the probability that the sample average is less than 29 hours? If the sample average actually is less than 40 hours, what would it mean in terms of the Nielsen Media Research figures?
d. Suppose the population standard deviation is unknown. If 66% of all sample means are greater than 35 hours and the population mean is still 36.07 hours, what is the value of the population standard deviation?