The venom of the Eastern diamondback rattler and the Indian cobra contains phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the C-2 position of glycerophospholipids. The phospholipid breakdown product of this reaction is lysolecithin (lecithin is phosphatidylcholine). At high concentrations, this and other lysophospholipids act as detergents, dissolving the membranes of erythrocytes and lysing the cells. Extensive hemolysis may be life-threatening.

(a) All detergents are amphipathic. What are the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of lysolecithin?

(b) The pain and inflammation caused by a snake bite can be treated with certain steroids. What is the basis of this treatment?

(c) Though the high levels of phospholipase A2 in venom can be deadly, this enzyme is necessary for a variety of normal metabolic processes. What are these processes?

1. Which of the following criteria is not part of the ICTV classification system?
a. genome composition d. envelope
b. particle size e. spike proteins
c. Capsid symmetry f. host range

2. A viral Capsid is comprised of
a. nucleis acids c. carbohydrates
b. proteins d. lipopolysaccharides

3. fill in the blanks
In the Baltimore classification system, there are __________ classes of DNA viruses and __________ classes of RNA viruses (enter a number for each blank)

4. Plus strand RNA is
a. the mRNA c. the template strand
b. the coding strand d. the complement of the mRNA

5. fill in the blank
Reverse Transcriptase is an enzyme that catalyzes ____________ production from a ___________ template.

4) The importance of the translational molecular machinery to insert the correct amino acid into the primary structure of a polypeptide is of paramount importance to ensure the fidelity of the code. Part of the reason why this process is so accurate is due to the action of tRNA amino-acyl synthetase (ARSs) enzymes. Mutations within the genes for ARSs, are known to because of certain human maladies, such as the neurodegenerative disorder Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease along with other central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. Interestingly, not all those who possess mutations within specific ARS genes do not display the disease phenotype. Provide at least one reason why a person might survive. Remember, do not just name a concept. Describe the concept and then explain WHY (on a molecular level) this explanation holds true.

The importance of the translational molecular machinery to insert the correct amino acid into the primary structure of a polypeptide is of paramount importance to ensure the fidelity of the code. Part of the reason why this process is so accurate is due to the action of tRNA amino-acyl synthetase (ARSs) enzymes. Mutations within the genes for ARSs, are known to cause certain human maladies, such as the neurodegenerative disorder Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease along with other central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. Interestingly, not all those who possess mutations within specific ARS genes do not display the disease phenotype. Provide at least one reason why a person might survive. Remember, do not just name a concept. Describe the concept and then explain WHY (on a molecular level) this explanation holds true.

which pathway is more active when the energy status of a cell is low? (Explain briefly why)

                        Gluconeogenesis

                        Glycolysis

                        Both Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis equally active

                        Neither Gluconeogenesis nor Glycolysis will be active

1.Which of the following statements regarding the reversible binding of ligands to proteins is not true?

A) Proteins generally bind only specific ligands.

B) Sometimes, ligand binding causes conformational change of the protein.

C) In proteins composed of multiple subunits, the conformational change in one subunit can

lead to conformational change in other subunits.

D) Protein–ligand interaction can be regulated by a third molecule.

E) Proteins which have a large number of alpha helices are easier to regulate than those

composed mainly of beta sheets.

2. Which of the following proteins is used for oxygen storage?

A) myoglobin

B) ferritin
C) hemoglobin

D) antibody

E) chymotrypsin

3.Which of the following proteins is an enzyme?

A) serotonin transporter

B) cytokine

C) actin

D) chymotrypsin

E) None of the above.

4.Which force does nature use to hold a protein and its ligand together?

A) hydrogen bond interaction

B) electrostatic interaction

C) hydrophobic interaction

D) van der Waals interaction

E) All of the above.

5. Which of the following descriptions of the induced fit model is false?

A) It was proposed by Emil Fisher in 1894.

B) Conformational changes may occur in the protein upon ligand binding.

C) Conformational changes may occur in the ligand upon ligand binding.

D) It allows for tighter protein–ligand interaction compared to the lock and key model.

E) It allows for binding of different ligands.

6. Which of the following is true about the “R” state of hemoglobin?

A) It contains fewer interactions compared to the “T” state.

B) It has a higher affinity for oxygen.

C) It is more flexible compared to the “T” state.

D) It adopts the “R” state conformation when oxygen binds to the “T” state.

E) All of the above.

7. Most enzymes are proteins, but a small number of enzymes are ___________.

A) carbohydrates

B) lipids

C) deoxyribonucleic acids

D) ribonucleic acids

E) saccharides

8. Why do cells use enzymes to carry out biochemical reactions?

A) In order to regulate the reactions taking place inside the cell.

B) In order to carry out reactions without the use of organic solvents.

C) In order to minimize the production of side products.

D) In order to accelerate the rate of reactions.

E) All of the above.

9. Enzyme–substrate complex is also called the ___________?

A) Menten complex
B) enzyme–product complex

C) Michaelis complex
D) transition state complex

E) intermediate complex

10. Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?

A) Enzymes are biological catalysts.

B) Enzymes accelerate reactions by lowering the activation barrier.

C) Enzymes push the reaction equilibrium toward product formation.

D) Enzymes can denature under a highly acidic condition.

E) Enzymes carry out multiple rounds of a given chemical reaction.

11. Which of the following statements regarding enzyme inhibitors is true?

A) A reversible inhibitor typically deactivates an enzyme permanently.

B) Irreversible inhibitors are often structural analogs of substrates or products.

C) Reversible inhibitors are often used as therapeutic drugs.

D) Reversible inhibitors cannot bind to the free enzyme.

E) Potent toxins are generally reversible inhibitors.

True of False:

Vitamins and minerals are very important to health, they are absorbed without any change during digestion. (     )

The human body needs fatty acids, and it can make all but two of them—linoleic acid (the 18-carbon omega-8 fatty acid) and linolenic acid (the 18-carbon omega-3 fatty acid). (     )

Sometimes a nonessential amino acid might become essential under special circumstances. (    )

the cells of the pancreas do not make the protein hemoglobin, which is needed only by the red blood cells.                                      (     )

When nutrients enter the body from the digestive tract, the stomach receives them first; then it metabolizes, packages, stores, or ships them out for use by other tissues. ( )

Acetyl CoA can readily make fat. And glucose.                   (     )

Choose the best answer to the following questions:

Which of the following sugar is NOT a monosaccharide:          (     )    

1. Glucose (B) Fructose (C) Galactose (D)Maltose

Which of the following statement about fatty acid is WRONG:     (      )

(A) All of the energy-yielding nutrients—protein, carbohydrates, and fat—can be broken down to acetyl CoA.

(B) Acetyl CoA can enter the TCA cycle or it can make fat.

(C) In the end of Energy Metabolism, oxygen is consumed, water and carbon dioxide are produced, and energy is captured in ATP

(D) Fatty acids can be used to make glucose.

In estimating energy requirements, the DRI Committee developed equations based on research measuring total daily energy expenditure. These equations consider how the following factors influence BMR and consequently energy expenditure, which of the following is not included:                         (      )

(A)Gender. (B) Race (C)Age. (D) Physical activity.

For building fitness and minimizing the risk of overuse injuries, which of the following tip should be considered: （）

(A) Be active all week, exceptt on the weekends.

(B) Use proper equipment and wear proper attire while doing dangerous exercises.

(C) Perform exercises using proper form.

(D) Include warm-up and cool-down activities in the beginning and at the end of exercise.

The buffer system in human blood buffer is composed of HCO₃^- and H₂CO₃. (The K_a for carbonic acid is 7.9 x 10 ^-7).

a. Please identify the acidic and basic component of the buffer.

b. Please write the chemical equation that will happen when additional HCl is added into the buffer. (Hint: acids like to react with bases.)

c. Please write the chemical equation that will happen when additional NaOH is added into the buffer. (Hint: bases like to react with acids.)

d. What is the effective buffer range?

e. In order for our body to function properly, the pH of blood needs to be maintained between 7.35-7.45. If the pH of the buffer is measured to be 7.40, what is the ratio between HCO₃^- and H₂CO₃?

f. If the concentration of HCO₃^- is 5 times that of H₂CO₃, what is the pH of the buffer?

a four bar mechanism has the following dimensions. DA=300mm, CB=AB=360mm DC=600mm. the link DC is fixed and the angle ADC is 60⁰. The driving link DA rotates uniformly at a speed of 100rpm clockwise and the constant driving torque has a magnitude of 50 N-m. Determine the velocity of the point b and angular velocity of the driven link cb

1.) Compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation. How are the processes similar? How are they different? How do these processes determine which environment the organism can live in?

[Key terms to use in answer: electron transport chain, cytochrome, ATP, glucose, glycolysis, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile, obligate anaerobe, oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, CO ₂ , organic acids and alcohols, alternative substrates (other than glucose)]

2.) Using your knowledge of DNA recombination events to complete the following:

(Use the following terminology in your answer: recombination, DNA, horizontal gene transfer, conjugation, transformation, transduction, pilus, F factor, transposable elements, transposons, pathogenicity islands)

1. Propose two ways in which antibiotic resistance may develop in a bacterium
2. Describe how bacterial cells acquire the ability to produce toxins

**References are appreciated.