In previous years, Easycash Ltd presented its cashflow statement using the ‘indirect method’ however in the current year the CEO has requested that the ‘direct method’ be used.

Prepare a response to the CEO discussing whether this is a change in an accounting policy referring to the relevant Australian accounting standards. Outline the disclosures that would be required with a change in an accounting policy and discuss the differences between the two methods, and if one method is considered more useful than the other method.

Your response should be referenced where appropriate (APA style).

An excerpt from the statement of financial position of Twilight Limited follows:

Notes and Assumptions
December 31, 2020

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is a top corporate manager whose primary job is to lead the day-to-day running of the corporation and whose primary goal is to maximize shareholder value. To incentivize CEOs, many large corporations have been compensating CEOs with various forms of pay-for-performance in addition to a fixed annual salary. According to some estimates, over the last two decades CEO compensation in the United States has on average increased by 600%, with a disproportionate increase in equity-based compensation (e.g. stock options). These increases in executive compensation, particularly stock options, have generated enormous controversy. The recent high-profile corporate scandals and financial market tsunami have led some observers to argue that the excessive focus on shareholder value maximization in general, and inadequately designed executive compensation in particular, have led to managerial gross misbehavior as well as short-termism. Some argue that rapid increases in executive compensation represent unmerited transfers of shareholder wealth to top executives with limited if any incentive effects, and at times have led to outright frauds. The problem is exacerbated when the CEO is also the chairman of the board of directors. The adverse effects of excessive CEO compensation are particularly severe in countries where institutional checks such as shareholder protection and shareholder activism are weak.

Required：

Identify any potential conflicts of interest and suggest possible solutions.

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is a top corporate manager whose primary job is to lead the day-to-day running of the corporation and whose primary goal is to maximize shareholder value. To incentivize CEOs, many large corporations have been compensating CEOs with various forms of pay-for-performance in addition to a fixed annual salary. According to some estimates, over the last two decades CEO compensation in the United States has on average increased by 600%, with a disproportionate increase in equity-based compensation (e.g. stock options). These increases in executive compensation, particularly stock options, have generated enormous controversy. The recent high-profile corporate scandals and financial market tsunami have led some observers to argue that the excessive focus on shareholder value maximization in general, and inadequately designed executive compensation in particular, have led to managerial gross misbehavior as well as short-termism. Some argue that rapid increases in executive compensation represent unmerited transfers of shareholder wealth to top executives with limited if any incentive effects, and at times have led to outright frauds. The problem is exacerbated when the CEO is also the chairman of the board of directors. The adverse effects of excessive CEO compensation are particularly severe in countries where institutional checks such as shareholder protection and shareholder activism are weak.

Required：

1. Discuss what the relative strengths and weakness of the corporate governance system are.

1.Using Carrol’s pyramid of CSR and information from the case study, identify the corporate social responsibilities of Philip Morris International in the context of its operations in North Carolina. In your view, discuss why these responsibilities are important to Philip Morris International?

The US children working in tobacco fields: 'I wanted to help my mama'

Luis is just 14 years old, but he already has an exhausting, dawn-till-dusk job. Last summer, he started working in tobacco fields in North Carolina.

Even though Luis is just a child – too young to buy cigarettes – it is legal for him to work here in the US.

The job pays about $7.25 per hour.

Monday through Saturday last summer, when he was not in school, he rose at 5am, dressed in long sleeves, jeans, boots, gloves, a hat and a plastic poncho, and waited for a van to drive him to fields as far as an hour away. He came home around 7pm. This is a typical schedule for laborers in this tough and dangerous job.

Workers in tobacco are vulnerable to heat sickness, in temperatures which regularly reach 32C (89F); they risk injuries from sharp objects; and, if the Trump administration has its way, children will return to using the most toxic agrochemicals.

Then there is the plant itself. Tobacco naturally contains water-soluble nicotine. This makes morning dew or overnight rain a vehicle for huge doses of nicotine. Workers are regularly exposed to six cigarettes’ worth of nicotine per day, one study found. This can result in acute nicotine poisoning, called green tobacco sickness, characterized by nausea, vomiting, headaches and dizziness.

“I wanted to help my mama,” said Luis. He wanted to work, he said, “to get school supplies, so she doesn’t have to waste money”. Luis is the son of a cervical cancer survivor. He started to work when his mother, a waitress, was too ill to hold a job. (The Guardian has changed the names of workers and their families in this report.)

“It’s heavy work, very hard,” said Luis’s mother. But, she said, “there’s no choice”. Children need to help buy “clothes, shoes, their own things, things they need”. She said it would be “better when they were older, but he started because I had cancer ... He was helping me as well as my older son.”

In the US, lax laws and an informal economy in which landowners are removed from hiring laborers allow teens to work growing and harvesting tobacco. This contravenes some tobacco companies’ own policies, which often prohibit children from performing hazardous work.

“There’s a lot of 14-, 15-year-olds working in the fields,” said Antonio, a 19-year-old who has done so since he was 15, a history confirmed by his mother. “They need money or they want to work,” Antonio said.

Altria, parent company of Philip Morris USA, which produces Marlboro cigarettes, said growers were “prohibited from hiring those less than 16 years of age, and may only assign hazardous duties to workers 18 and older. Both are above the legal requirements. We require parental consent for those under 18 working in tobacco farming.”

The company also said it reviewed all growers every three years. In 2017, it found only one case of child labor, in which a farmer hired two 15-year-olds.

“While the individuals were no longer employed by the grower, the contract requirements were reviewed with the grower to strengthen their understanding of the minimum age requirement,” the company said. The company also said it had hired third-party assessors to monitor labor conditions.

Miguel Coleta, director of sustainability for Philip Morris International, said the company had been “making progress in tackling complex labor issues on farms supplying to PMI and our standards exceed US in many areas”.

“Challenges remain, and PMI continues to work with Verité and the Farm Labor Practices Group on systemic issues associated with child labor, grievance mechanisms to protect workers’ rights and to achieve meaningful improvements on the ground,” said Coleta.

In 2015, PMI adopted a new leaf-buying model in the US, and it now buys through the third-party leaf buyers Alliance One International Inc and Universal Leaf North America. At the time, Human Rights Watch said the move would improve labor conditions on US farms.

The Guardian interviewed several teens, parents, and labor organizers for this story. They described a picture in which child labor was commonplace. However, many said they depended on their children’s income to make ends meet. Many of those interviewed also work in other crops, including picking cucumbers, peppers or other vegetables.

“It’s the fact that we have to do it, because there is no alternative,” said Laticia Savala, a labor organizer with the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (Floc) in North Carolina. Floc does not support outlawing child labor in fields, because organizers feel it would harm families who depend on children’s income. However, needing the money does not lessen the harm.

“What mom wouldn’t want their kids studying [rather] than working in the fields?” asked Savala. “You’re forced into doing something.” If labor conditions on farms “were better, probably child labor wouldn’t exist”.

The world’s largest tobacco-producing countries span the globe. They include Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malawi, Pakistan and the United States.

Together, North Carolina and Kentucky produce 70% of the 700m pounds of tobacco grown in the US each year. Only 0.04% of US farmland grows tobacco, but the United States is still an international juggernaut, the fourth-largest producer in the world.

North Carolina is just one part of a global supply chain that feeds cigarette makers with tobacco leaf. However, the value of tobacco farming is dwarfed by the value of the global tobacco products. Tobacco farming was worth $19.1bn in 2013. Once leaf is manufactured, marketed and branded, tobacco products were worth $783bn the same year.

North Carolina’s farmers employ mostly Latin American workers, who toil in fields owned by white, ageing farmers. The US does not grant agricultural workers collective bargaining rights and workers are sometimes undocumented. Workers are vulnerable to wage theft, exploitation and dangerous working conditions.

Because children work in an informal economy, there is no data on how many might work in fields in summer months, or even when they should be in school. A 2014 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW) was the first in recent memory to ignite debate about child labor in tobacco in the US. The advocacy group followed up the report in 2015, and found little had fundamentally changed in fields.

“If you appear younger than 16, they’ll ask,” said 19-year-old John about children working on the fields. “But otherwise, no,” they don’t ask. Many contractors, one mother said, encouraged children to lie about their age.

Attempts have been made to regulate tobacco growing in the past. In 2012, the Obama administration attempted to make it illegal for children younger than 16 to work in tobacco. But the Department of Labor backed down after Republicans falsely argued the measure would prevent children from working on family farms.

At the state level, as recently as 2017, the Democratic Virginia delegate Alfonso Lopez tried to introduce a bill to bar child labor on tobacco farms. He was blocked by Republicans.

“If this was your kid, would you be OK with having them work in this job?” Lopez asked at the time as the bill was shelved. “Would you? I don’t think you would. So why is it OK for kids you don’t know to do this job?”

When criticism of child labor on US farms reached its peak in 2014, Philip Morris International hired a company to audit its supply chain. It found children working in hazardous conditions on 16% of the US farms it visited.

However, auditors concluded: “The root cause of many labor related issues in the US is the lack of sustainable, reliable workforce exacerbated by poor US immigration policies.”

The US has signed an international human rights convention meant to protect children “from economic exploitation” and work likely “to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development”. To that end, it encourages trading partners to meet these standards, and publishes an annual report on the “worst forms of child labor” around the world.

One country singled out in the report was Malawi, visited by the Guardian earlier this year as part of an investigation, where children “continue to engage in the worst forms of child labor, including in the harvesting of tobacco”, the most recent report by the US Bureau of International Labor Affairs said.

The tobacco industry, through its Eliminating Child Labor in Tobacco Growing Foundation, agrees “in principle” children should be prohibited from hazardous work, “particularly the use of machinery and agrochemicals by children in tobacco farming”.

The Trump administration, meanwhile, is hoping to further deregulate farm labor. Rules put into place after the 2014 HRW report are being rolled back by the US Environmental Protection Agency, which is examining whether children should again be allowed to work with dangerous pesticides on farms.

“I’ve worked in the field as well; it’s very difficult. For a young person it’s worse,” said Antonio’s mother, a 37-year-old with three sons who works behind the counter of a rural convenience store. Teens often prefer farm work to other work, she said, “because they’re given jobs despite their age”.

Dominance of American tobacco has waned in recent decades, as the tobacco supply chain has globalized. This and the deregulation of US tobacco price controls has encouraged consolidation. Where in 1978 there were 188,000 tobacco farms, today there are around 4,200.

“A lot of times they’re underage and they lie and say they’re 16 or 17, but they’re actually 13 or 14 years [old],” Antonio’s mother said. “It’s hard, but there aren’t any more options.” She said claims that child labor was not happening on tobacco farms were “a lie”.

• The names of workers and their families have been changed

1) It is known that 10% of the calculators shipped from a particular factory are defective. What is the probability that exactly three of five chosen calculators are defective?

A) 0.00729

B) 0.0081

C) 0.081

D) 0.03

2)For a particular clothing store, a marketing firm finds that 16% of $10-off coupons delivered by mail are redeemed. Suppose six customers are randomly selected and are mailed $10-off coupons. What is the expected number of coupons that will be redeemed?

A) 0.81

B) 0.96

C) 3.42

D) 5.04

3)

The GPA of accounting students in a university is known to be normally distributed. A random sample of 20 accounting students results in a mean of 2.92 and a standard deviation of 0.16. Construct the 95% confidence interval for the mean GPA of all accounting students at this university.

A) 2.92 ± 1.729(0.16/ )

B) 2.92 ± 1.96(0.16/ )

C) 2.92 ± 2.086(0.16/ )

D) 2.92 ± 2.093(0.16/ )

4)

The probability that a normal random variable is less than its mean is ________.

A) 0.0

B) 0.5

C) 1.0

D) Cannot be determined

5)

A company that produces computers recently tested the battery in its latest laptop in six separate trials. The battery lasted 8.23,7.89,8.14,8.25,8.30, and 7.95 hours before burning out in each of the tests. Assuming the battery duration is normally distributed, construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean battery life in the new model.

A) [7.9490, 8.3044]

B) [7.9575, 8.2959]

C) [7.9873, 8.2661]

D) [7.9912, 8.2622]

Taxi Dancing around the Question of Regulation

Uber is a ridesharing service introduced in San Francisco in 2009 and quickly expanded to 140 U.S. cities and 40 foreign countries. Customers “e-hail” a ride through an app on their smartphone and a ride is there within minutes. The service is cheaper than a typical taxi and there is no cash involved as the charges come straight from the customer’s credit card. The service has its detractors, including cab services and some dissatisfied customers.

Management Update: Add drivers to the list of possible Uber detractors. In September 2015, a California judge granted class-action status to an employee status lawsuit filed against the company. The suit is open to all Uber drivers in California. The lawsuit claims Uber misclassified its employees as contract workers. It alleges Uber treats drivers like employees without providing the requisite benefits. Uber plans to appeal the decision saying there really is no “typical” driver, the key question at issue. If the suit is successful, it could mean the end of Uber

“Innovation and regulation simply don’t work together.” So says Larry Downes, the victim of the cab ride described at the outset of the case and formerly of the Northwestern University School of Law and the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business. Assuming that he’s right, why is this so? Why is regulation often incompatible with innovation? Why do we regulate most industries in the first place? In your opinion, what sort of tradeoffs should we seek when we try to balance the opposing advantages of regulation and innovation?

Western State University (WSU) is preparing its master budget for the upcoming academic year. Currently, 12,000 students are enrolled on campus; however, the admissions office is forecasting a 5 percent growth in the student body despite a tuition hike to $70 per credit hour. The following additional information has been gathered from an examination of university records and conversations with university officials:

WSU is planning to award 140 tuition-free scholarships.

The average class has 20 students, and the typical student takes 10 credit hours each semester. Each class is two credit hours.

WSU’s faculty members are evaluated on the basis of teaching, research, and university and community service. Each faculty member teaches five classes during the academic year.

Required:

Prepare a tuition revenue budget for the upcoming academic year.

Determine the number of faculty members needed to cover classes.

Assume there is a shortage of full-time faculty members. Select at least five actions that WSU might take to accommodate the growing student body by selecting an "X" next to the action.

You have been requested by the university’s administrative vice president (AVP) to construct budgets for other areas of operation (e.g., the library, grounds, dormitories, and maintenance). The AVP noted: “The most important resource of the university is its faculty. Now that you know the number of faculty needed, you can prepare the other budgets. Faculty members are indeed the key driver—without them we don’t operate.” Are faculty members a key driver in preparing budgets?

repare a tuition revenue budget for the upcoming academic year.

Assume there is a shortage of full-time faculty members. Select at least five actions that WSU might take to accommodate the growing student body by selecting an "X" next to the action.

Determine the number of faculty members needed to cover classes.

You have been requested by the university’s administrative vice president (AVP) to construct budgets for other areas of operation (e.g., the library, grounds, dormitories, and maintenance). The AVP noted: “The most important resource of the university is its faculty. Now that you know the number of faculty needed, you can prepare the other budgets. Faculty members are indeed the key driver—without them we don’t operate.” Are faculty members a key driver in preparing budgets?

Show less

Falcon ltd whose year end is 31 December acquired four identical units of equipment at a cost of Sh. 600,000 each on 1 April, 2012. The useful life for each piece of the equipment is four years after which it is expected to have a salvage value of sh. 100,000. A similar piece of equipment was acquired on 1 June 2013 at a cost of sh. 700,000. The useful life was estimated at four years and the salvage value sh. 150,000. One unit acquired on 1 April, 2012 was sold for sh. 200,000 on 1 August 2014. On 1 October, 2014 another piece of equipment was acquired 800,000. The estimated useful life was four years and salvage value sh. 200,000. On 1 September, 2015 one unit acquired on 1 April, 2012 was sold at sh. 250,000. The company’s policy is to provide for full years depreciation in the year of purchase and no depreciation in the year of disposal.

Required:
Show the Equipment and Accumulated Depreciation – Equipment accounts for the years 2012 to 2015.