Question 4

Sometimes corporations make Fundamental Changes. Describe the change below.

1. Alphabet Company (Google) decides to move from the US to Korea.
2. Microsoft will split into the Software Company, Cloud Company, and Xbox Company
3. Company P will buy Company E.
4. Company F will create an additional class of shares with more voting rights than existing shares.
5. Company R decides to sell all assets and give the money to the shareholders.

P10-45. Analyzing and Interpreting Effects of TCJA Tax Law Changes.

Pfizer Inc. reports the following footnote disclosure in its 2018 Form 10-K.

The following table provides the components of Income from continuing operations before provision (benefit) for taxes on income:

Year Ended December 31, $ millions                                                   2018                 2017                2016

United States                                                                                         $(4,403)            $(6,879)       $(8,534)

International                                                                                            16,288              19,184          16,886

Income from continuing operations before provision of taxes…   11,885              12,305            8,351

The following table provides the components of Provision (benefit) for taxes on income based on the location of the taxing authorities:

$ millions                                                                                                    2018                  2017               2016

United States

Current income taxes:

Federal                                                                                                        $668                  $1,267           $342

State and Local                                                                                                 9                         45               (52)

Deferred income taxes:

Federal                                                                                                        (1,663)              (2,064)            (419)

State and local                                                                                                  16                   (304)            (106)

Total U.S. tax provision                                                                                 (970)              (1,055)           (235)   

TCJA

Current income taxes                                                                              (3,035)                13,135                 -

Deferred income taxes                                                                             2,439                 (23,795)               -

Total TCJA tax provision                                                                            (596)                 (10,660)              -

International

Current income taxes                                                                               2,831                   2,709              1,532

Deferred income taxes                                                                              (558)                      (42)              (175)

Total international tax provision                                                            2,273                   2,667              1,358

a.In the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an estimate of certain tax effect of the TCJA, including (i) the impact of deferred tax assets and liabilities from reduction in the U.S. Federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, (ii) the impact on valuation allowances and other state income tax considerations, (iii) the $15.2 billion repatriation tax liability on accumulated post-1986 foreign earnings for which we plan to elect, with the filing of our 2018 U.S. Federal Consideration Income Tax Return, payments over eight years through 2026 that is reported in Other taxes payable in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 and (iv) deferred taxes on basis differences expected to give rise to future taxes on global intangible low-taxed income. As a result of the TCJA, in the fourth quarter of 2017, we reversed an estimate of the deferred taxes that are no longer expected to be needed due to the change to the territorial tax system.

Required.

1. What is the amount of the income tax expense reported by Pfizer for each year? What amount is current versus deferred?
2. What is Pfizer’s effective (average) tax rate for each year?
3. Use the pretax information to determine the effective tax rate for U.S. operations for each year.
4. The footnotes include amounts related to the TCJA of 2017. What was the effect on the company’s tax expense in 2017 and 2018 due to the TCJA?
5. Pfizer lists four TCJA items that impacted their 2017 tax provision. Explain how each of the four items might have affected Pfizer’s 2017 tax expens

Aging includes the cognitive, physical, and social-emotional changes that occur during late adulthood. Varying cultures take different approaches to aging. At the same time, individuals within these cultures and societies may have varied and distinctly personal views regarding aging. When addressing aging in late adulthood, one must also address death, dying, and bereavement. Religious and spiritual beliefs, gender, personality, and coping style can all impact an individual's responses to and beliefs about death (Berk, 2014). Today, web-based virtual cemeteries are a new way for people to connect and grieve with each other, even when separated by distance. Nonetheless, varying cultures approach aging in many different ways.

For this Discussion, you will examine how different countries approach aging.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Consider how different countries approach aging. As you consider different countries, think about the following:

Do older adults live with their children, or are they more likely to live in a nursing home?

Are older adults seen as wise individuals to be respected and revered, or are they a burden to their family and to society?

Next, select two different countries and compare and contrast their approaches to aging.

By Day 4

Post and identify each of the countries you selected.

Then, explain two similarities and two differences in how the countries approach aging.

Be specific and provide examples.

Use your Learning Resources to support your post. Use proper APA format and citations.

The following changes took place last year in Pavolik Company’s balance sheet accounts:

D = Decrease; I = Increase.

Long-term investments that cost the company $9 were sold during the year for $22 and land that cost $21 was sold for $12. In addition, the company declared and paid $6 in cash dividends during the year. Besides the sale of land, no other sales or retirements of plant and equipment took place during the year. Pavolik did not retire any bonds during the year or issue any new common stock.

The company’s income statement for the year follows:

The company’s beginning cash balance was $104 and its ending balance was $96.

Required:

1. Use the indirect method to determine the net cash provided by operating activities for the year.

2. Prepare a statement of cash flows for the year.

Described below are six independent and unrelated situations involving accounting changes. Each change occurs during 2021 before any adjusting entries or closing entries were prepared. Assume the tax rate for each company is 25% in all years. Any tax effects should be adjusted through the deferred tax liability account.

1. Fleming Home Products introduced a new line of commercial awnings in 2020 that carry a one-year warranty against manufacturer’s defects. Based on industry experience, warranty costs were expected to approximate 3% of sales. Sales of the awnings in 2020 were $4,100,000. Accordingly, warranty expense and a warranty liability of $123,000 were recorded in 2020. In late 2021, the company’s claims experience was evaluated, and it was determined that claims were far fewer than expected: 2% of sales rather than 3%. Sales of the awnings in 2021 were $4,600,000, and warranty expenditures in 2021 totaled $104,650.
2. On December 30, 2017, Rival Industries acquired its office building at a cost of $1,120,000. It was depreciated on a straight-line basis assuming a useful life of 40 years and no salvage value. However, plans were finalized in 2021 to relocate the company headquarters at the end of 2025. The vacated office building will have a salvage value at that time of $760,000.
3. Hobbs-Barto Merchandising, Inc., changed inventory cost methods to LIFO from FIFO at the end of 2021 for both financial statement and income tax purposes. Under FIFO, the inventory at January 1, 2021, is $750,000.
4. At the beginning of 2018, the Hoffman Group purchased office equipment at a cost of $396,000. Its useful life was estimated to be 10 years with no salvage value. The equipment was depreciated by the sum-of-the-years’-digits method. On January 1, 2021, the company changed to the straight-line method.
5. In November 2019, the State of Minnesota filed suit against Huggins Manufacturing Company, seeking penalties for violations of clean air laws. When the financial statements were issued in 2020, Huggins had not reached a settlement with state authorities, but legal counsel advised Huggins that it was probable the company would have to pay $260,000 in penalties. Accordingly, the following entry was recorded:

Late in 2021, a settlement was reached with state authorities to pay a total of $416,000 in penalties.

6. At the beginning of 2021, Jantzen Specialties, which uses the sum-of-the-years’-digits method, changed to the straight-line method for newly acquired buildings and equipment. The change increased current year net earnings by $511,000.

Required:
For each situation:
1. Identify the type of change.
2. Prepare any journal entry necessary as a direct result of the change, as well as any adjusting entry for 2021 related to the situation described.

During May the following changes in inventory took place: Show all calculations:

May 1 Balance 1,100 units @ $25 = 27500

  14 Purchases   800 units @ $36 = 28,800

  24 Purchases   700 units @ $30 = 21,000

May 8   Sold                      500 units @ $50

19 Sold                      300 units @ $49

29   Sold                      600 units @ $54

A physical count indicates that 1,200 units are on hand on May 31.

Part A: Assuming the company uses the perpetual method.

A. Compute the Cost of Goods Sold to be recognized in the journal entry on May 29 assuming:

1. LIFO

                              2. FIFO

               B. What is the moving average cost per unit of ending inventory? (round to the nearest penny)

Part B: Assuming that the company uses the Periodic method, determine the following:

               A. Ending Inventory under LIFO: ________________________

               B. Cost of Goods Sold Under FIFO: _______________________

               C. Weighted Average cost per unit for the month: __________________

In which way(s) does urbanization increase genetic drift (select all that apply)?

Environmental changes leading to an increase in genome-wide mutation rates

New populations establishing themselves in the urban environment leading to a founder effect

High number of roads in urban environment, cutting habitats in smaller fragments

Novel selective pressures in the environment such as pollutants leading to bottlenecks

An industrial coal-fired boiler for process steam is equipped with a 10-year-old electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Changes in coal quality have caused stack emissions to be in noncompliance with federal standards for particulate. Two mutually exclusive alternatives have been proposed to rectify this problem (doing nothing is not an option). New Baghouse: Capital investment $1,140,000, Annual operating expenses $73,200. New ESP: Capital Investment $992,500, Annual operating expenses $115,500. The life of both alternatives is 10 years, the effective tax rate is 40% and the after-tax MARR is 9%. Both alternatives qualify as seven-year MACRS (GDS) equipment. Make a recommendation regarding which alternative to select based on after-tax analysis using NPV.

Temperature during Phase Changes

1. Imagine you have a block of steel much below its melting temperature and you start heating it. What happens to its temperature?

(I said that the temperature does not increase)

2. The same block has now reached its melting point and is just starting to melt. You still keep adding head to it. What happens to its temperature?

(I said that the temperature remains at the melting point until the block is completely melted)

3. The steel block has now completely melted. You still keep adding head to it. What happens to the temperature of this molten blob of steel?

(I think it might stay the same, but I am not sure)

Can you confirm my answers and explain the reasoning if they are wrong? Thank you.