When is animal research ethical?

A.    Never

B.    When steps are taken to ensure that the animal experiences minimal pain and suffering

C.    When human lives can be saved as a result of the knowledge gained

D.   When research is conducted at universities rather than by for-profit organizations

Please choose your answer and explain your choice as indicated by the directions by explaining your thoughts with at least 175 words per entry at minimum to help demonstration elaboration of concepts.

World Religion

Islam rejects Christian teaching that all humans are born sinners. Rather, each person freely chooses to follow God and do good or not. For Islam, the Christian doctrine of original sin removes personal responsibility. The idea that Jesus died for others is judged to be unfair and against God’s justice. Each individual alone, is responsible for their eternal destiny.

Does the Christian or Muslim view of the human person and the role in their salvation make more sense? Why?

ARTICLE: Hansen CE, Credle M, Shapiro ED, Niccolai LM. "It All Depends": A Qualitative Study of Parents' Views of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for their Adolescents at Ages 11-12 years.

1. What sampling strategy was employed? Strengths and Limitation?

2. How did this strategy relate to the purpose of the study?

3. Describe the types of questions included in the assessment. Is there sufficient information presented here on the interview guide?

4. What themes were identified?

1. Determine the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in each isotope of titanium based on the table below. Determine its atomic mass.

2. For each compound listed below write down the correct formula and calculate the formula mass.

• Iron(III) sulfide

• Aluminum nitrate

• Carbon tetrachloride

• Perchloric acid

• Ammonium hydroxide

3. Aluminum is refined from the mineral bauxite, which is mostly aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3). Presuming that an ore sample is approximately 54% bauxite, how much Al could be extracted from 1 kg of ore? (Already done in class)

4. Calcium carbonate (a weak base) reacts with nitric acid (a strong acid) quantitatively in the following reaction to form calcium nitrate, water and carbon dioxide: How many kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) are formed per kg of CaCO3 reacted? Presume that there is an excess of HNO3 available.

5. Metallic sodium reacts vigorously with liquid bromine in the following reaction: 1 kg of Na is brought into contact with 3 kg of liquid bromine. Presuming that the reaction is quantitative and proceeds to completion, determine the limiting reagent and the quantity of NaBr formed. Determine the amount of excess reagent remaining after the reaction is complete.

6. The combustion of gasoline (C8H18) with excess oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water.

• Write a balanced chemical reaction for the combustion of gasoline to yield carbon dioxide and water.

• Presuming that a tank of gasoline contains 80 liters and that its density is 0.77 kg/liter, determine how many kg of CO2 are produced for each tank of gasoline burned.

Also, the products for octane + O2 should be carbon dioxide and water. Now, you have to write it in chemical formulas and balance the equation.

1. Using 3 nucleotides, adenine, guanine, and cytosine, illustrate why the sequence in DNA is read from 5’--------?3’. Draw the structures of the linked nucleotides to illustrate your answer.

2. Draw the structure of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol. Using the drawing, illustrate the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids: 16:0 and 18:1, n-9.

3. Discuss how the structure of the cell membrane regulates the passage of material in and out of the cell. To answer this question, list and draw the components of a phosphocholine molecule in the cell membrane. Hint, pay attention to polar head and nonpolar tails:

4. Discuss the function of the following organelles and cellular structures:

Smooth E.R.

Rough E.R.

Mitochondria

Golgi Apparatus

Vesicle

Nucleolus

Ribosomes

5. Define G-proteins and discuss the mechanism of their activation:

6. Discuss the function of an active adenylate cyclase and the mechanism of generation of cAMP:

7. Explain the activation process of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that may be initiated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF):

8. Discuss the function of histone deacetylases in the gene transcription process.

Suppose samples of six different brands of diet or imitation margarine were analyzed to determine the level of physiologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids (PAPUFA, in percent), resulting in the data shown in the accompanying table.

(a) Test for differences among the true average PAPUFA percentages for the different brands. Use α = 0.05. Calculate the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

F =

(b) Use the T-K procedure to compute 95% simultaneous confidence intervals for all differences between means. (Round your answers to three decimal places.)

Imperial and Parkay (____,_____)

Imperial and Blue Bonnet (____,_____)

Imperial and Chiffon (____,_____)

Imperial and Mazola (____,_____)

Imperial and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Parkay and Blue Bonnet (____,_____)

Parkay and Chiffon (____,_____)

Parkay and Mazola (____,_____)

Parkay and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Blue Bonnet and Chiffon (____,_____)

Blue Bonnet and Mazola (____,_____)

Blue Bonnet and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Chiffon and Mazola (____,_____)

Chiffon and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

Mazola and Fleischmann's (____,_____)

1. The lower the melting point, the more fluid the fatty acid at a given temperature. What determines whether the fatty acid (lipid) is solid or liquid at a given temperature?
   
2. Compare the melting point of the fatty acids indicated in the table below. Why does stearic acid have the highest meting point and linoleic acid has the lowest?
   

3. Define the following terms:

1. Omega-3 fatty acid

1. Facilitated diffusion

4. How many Acetyl-CoA, FADH2 and NADH molecules are generated from complete β- oxidation of one Stearic acid (see question-2 table).

5. How many ATP molecules are generated from complete β- oxidation Myristic acid indicated in question-2 table? (Show detail calculations of your answer)

Two enterprising chemistry students decide to develop an alternative to Alka-Seltzer tablets, replacing the aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) with vitamin c (ascorbic acid). The following table shows one of the formulations they tried for a 5 g tablet.

When the tablet dissolves in water, it "frizzes" as the bicarbonate reacts with the citric acid and the vitamin C. What mass of NaHCO₃ reacts with the vitamin C?

Citric acid is triprotic, and reacts with the base to form the citrate ino (C₆H₅O₇^3-). Write the overall ionic reaction for the acidification of the NaHCO₃ by the citric acid, giving CO₂ as the product. Citric acid should be written as H₃C₆H₅O₇ in the net ionic equation, as weak acids are written in the molecular form even though they slightly ionize.

What mass of the NaHCO₃ reacts with the citric acid?

What is the mass of CO₂ released in this reaction?

THe remaining NaHCO₃ is available to neautralize stomach acid. What mass of stomach HCL could be neutralized by one tablet?

BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Vinnie is a professional road cyclist participating in the 2020 Giro d’Italia, a three-week race nearly 3,600 km in distance with some stages exceeding altitudes of 2,700 m above sea level (i.e., Stelvio Pass, Italy). As the newly hired head of the high-performance team, it is your responsibility to manage his preparation for the event. You must demonstrate to your team a fundamental understanding of physiology, the chronic adaptations expected from his training, and methods that could be implemented to improve the likelihood of success.

QUESTION:

During a casual chat with a sport scientist from another team, they suggest preparing “finish bottles” for the longer legs of the race. Along with a dose of painkillers, a “finish bottle” typically contains an ergogenic dose of caffeine (i.e., approximately 3 to 5 mg·kg^-1 of bodyweight).

A. As a sympathetic nervous system stimulant, what acute physiological changes will likely occur following caffeine ingestion at these doses?

B. Additionally, caffeine has a mild effect at mobilising free fatty acids. Please describe what is meant by mobilisation, and how this may influence performance.