Yasser Arafat, former chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), died in November 2004, after a brief illness. Not surprisingly, his death aroused considerable suspicion, particularly given that his symptoms were somewhat consistent with acute radiation poisoning. In November 2012, samples of tissue were obtained from his corpse and tested—by three independent research groups—for evidence of poisoning by a highly radioactive isotope of Polonium. The results, though far from conclusive, suggest that Arafat died as a result of polonium-210 poisoning.

Polonium-210 is a short-lived isotope in the uranium decay series. Together with thallium-206, polonium-210 is a penultimate daughter product in the 238U → 206Pb decay series. Polonium-210 occurs in trace amounts in uranium ores; annually, about 100 grams of 210Po is produced (synthetically) in reactors. 210Po decays to 206Pb via alpha emission with a radiogenic half-life of 138 days. The ejected alpha particle has an energy of 5.3 MeV. The biological half-life of 210Po is about 40 days, i.e. it takes your body about 40 days to excrete half the amount of 210Po originally ingested. For the purposes of this class, the fatal internal dose (D50) of radiation from an ingested alpha emitter like 210Po is approximately 0.25 Joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of body mass. (Note: The D50 notation indicates the dosage that proves fatal for half of a population; D50 ~ 0.25 J/kg for 210Po.) For those interested in dosage units, 0.25 J/kg = 0.25 Gy = 5 Sv = D50 for an alpha emitter absorbed internally (Q factor of 20).

1 (20 pts.): Assuming access to a ‘fresh’ polonium source, i.e. straight from the reactor, would one microgram (1 μg) of ingested 210Po kill Arafat? (FYI: 1 μg of 210Po is equivalent to approximately one grain of silt.) If yes, then approximately what time interval was required to absorb a fatal dose? Note: There is typically a lag time of days to weeks between the time at which a fatal dose is absorbed and the actual time of death. Arafat died about two weeks after the onset of symptoms. Discuss very briefly some of the complications we might expect in analyzing Arafat’s corpse for signs of 210Po poisoning in 2012.

1) clear and concise explanations of your reasoning and 2) careful calculations using scientific notation. The answer should be presented clearly and logically.

In 2004, Congress allocated over $20 billion to fight illegal drugs. About 60 percent of the funds was directed at reducing the supply of drugs through domestic law enforcement and interdiction. Some critics of this approach argue that supply-side approaches to reduce the drug supply actually helped drug producers.

• Demonstrate graphically the effect of supply-side measures on the market for illegal drugs.
• Explain how these measures affect drug producers. (Hint: Consider the elasticity of demand).
• Demonstrate the effect of demand-side measures such as treatment and prevention on the market for illegal drugs.
• How does the shift in demand affect the profitability of producers?

Clinical Trial Between 2004 and 2007, the National Institutes of Health conducted a STEP vaccine clinical trial—Phase IIB "test-ofconcept" study. The STEP study is the name of a clinical trial to test an experimental human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine. The STEP study enrolled 3,000 participants at sites in Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Peru, Puerto Rico, and the United States. The study was designed to test an HIV vaccine, which aimed to stimulate production of immune system T-cells that can kill HIV-infected cells. Based on its first evaluation of vaccine efficacy, the findings showed there were 24 cases of HIV infection among the 741 volunteers who received at least one dose of the investigational vaccine compared with 21 cases of HIV infection among the 762 volunteers who were vaccinated with the placebo. In volunteers who received at least two vaccinations, there were 19 cases of HIV infection among the 672 volunteers who received the investigational vaccine and 11 instances of HIV infection among the 691 volunteers who received placebo. The study investigators of the vaccine trials have decided to cease immunizations and are contacting study volunteers to inform them of the developments.

Reference: National Institutes of Health (2007). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Immunizations are discontinued in two HIV vaccine trials. Retrieved from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Pages/step_statement.aspx.

Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research further on the STEP study, the STEP vaccine clinical trials, and their parameters. Based on your research, understanding, and above information, answer the following questions:

Prior to beginning this study, how would you have described the risks and benefits of the study to participants?

What are the ethical issues surrounding this study at the beginning and when the decision was made to terminate the study?

Question # 1

Rothenberg et al. (2004) investigated the effectiveness of using the Hologic Sahara Sonometer, a portable device that measures bone mineral density (BMD) in the ankle, in predicting a fracture. They used a Hologic estimated bone mineral density value of

.57 as a cutoff. The results yielded the following data:

a. Compute the Sensitivity of the test. (6 points)

b. Compute the Specificity of the test. (6 points)

c. Compute the Positive Predictive Value (6 points)

Question # 2

According to the most recent Davenport student profile, 28% of students are male. Given a sample of 15 students:

a. Find the probability that none are male. (6 points)

b. Find the probability that 10 are male. (6 points)

c. Find the probability that at least six are male. (6 points)

A Disastrous Development project

In 2004, Marin country in California decided to replace its ageing financial management, payroll, and Human Resources systems with a modern SAP enterprise resources planning system. The country solicited proposals from various companies to act as software consultants on the implementation. Thirteen companies, including oracle, PeopleSoft, and SAP, submitted proposals. In April 2005 the country selected Deloitte consulting based on the firms representations concerning its in- depth knowledge of SAP systems and the extensive experience of its consultants.

From 2005 to 2009, Marin Country paid increasing consulting fees to Deloitte as its staff grappled with serious fiscal problems. Essentially, the staff could not program the SAP system to perform even routine financial functions such as payroll and accounts receivable. A grand jury probe concluded that the system had cost taxpayers $28.6 million as of April 2009.

At that time, Marin Country voted to stop the ongoing SAP project acknowledging that it had wasted some $30 million on software and related implementation services from Deloitte.

The Marin Country information systems and technology group conclude that fixing the Deloitte-instlled SAP system would cost nearly 25 percent more over a 10 year period than implementing a new system.

In 2010, Marin country filed a complaint alleging that Deloitte's representations were fraudulent. The complaint accused Deloitte of using the country SAP project as a training ground to provide young consultant with public sector SAP experience, at the country's expense. It further charged that Deloitte intentionally failed to disclose its lack of SAP and public sector skills; withheld information about critical project risks: falsely represented to the country that SAP system was ready to "go live" as originally planned: conducted inadequate testing; and concealed the fact that ist had failed to perform necessary testing , thereby ensuring that system defects would remain hidden prior to the go-live date.Finally, the country maintained that, although it had paid substantial consulting fees to Deloitte, the system continued to have crippling problems.

Deloitte filed a counterclaim over the country failure to pay more than $550000 in fees and interest. The company maintained that it had fulfilled all of its obligations under the contract, as evidenced by the fact that all of Deloitte's work was approved by the country officials who were responsible for overseeing the project.

In December 2010, Marin Country sued Deloitte and two SAP subsidiaries, alleging that Deloitte had "engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity designed to designed to defraud the country of more than $20 million, The country lawsuit also names as defendant Ernest Culver, a former country employee who served as director on the SAP project. The country alleged that Culver interviewed for jobs at Deloitte and SAP, where he now works in SAP's public services division, It further claimed that during the SAP project, Culver "was approving Deloitte's deficient work on the project, approving payment, and causing Marin Country to enter into new contracts with Deloitte and SAP public services, Inc.

In late December 2011, a judge ruled that Marin Country failed to allege sufficient facts to bring a racketeering claim against SAP under the terms of the federal Racketeer Influenced and corrupt organisations Act ( RICO). However, he also ruled that Marin Country could fly an amended complaint. The judge further found that Marin Country hd alleged sufficient facts to bring a "plausible" bribery claim against SAP with aspect to Culver. Finally, the judge denied SAP's motion to dismiss claims against against its SAP America division.

In mid January 2012, Marin Country filed an amended complaint in federal court related to its actions against SAP, Deloitte Consulting, and Ernest Culver. The president of. the Main Country Board of supervisors stated that the board is committed to ensuring accountability for its taxpayers.

1- debate the lawsuit from the point of view of Deloitte and SAP.

2- Debate the lawsuit from the point of view of Marin Country.

In 2004, real estate broker Richard Davis called an A&E television executive about partnering on a? new reality show called Flip This House. Davis said he would undertake the financial risks of purchas- ing and later reselling the real estate and he and the network would split the net profits. Davis received confirmation from the network director over the phone and later with three other executives. The network never paid Davis and claimed no agree- ment was made. The district court found on behalf of Davis, and the network appealed. The appellate court stipulated that two facts must be true to find on behalf of Davis: first, that Davis reasonably believed that an agreement was made during the phone conversations and, second, that such a belief would be made by an objectively reasonable per- son. How do you think the court decided? [Davis v. A&E Television, 422 Fed. Appx. 199, 2011 U.S. App. LEXIS 7382.]

In 2002, the city of Louisville passed a curfew that required youngsters below the age of 16 be off city streets after 10 o'clock at night. The ordinance proved controversial and was repealed in 2003. In late 2004, however, the ordinance was reenacted and has been enforced up to the present time. City officials would now like to know if the ordinance has actually reduced youth crime and violence in the city. How will you address this?

(Gilson, et al., 2015) posited that establishing trust, which is one of the major factors of project success in virtual teams, is much more difficult to achieve. Concurrently, Katzenbach & Smith, (2004) suggests that placing team members physically together for roughly a week on project start-up will aid in building trust and cohesiveness. So are we arguing that the antidote to project failure due to impermanence of virtual teams is to build trust?

Office Works has an order to manufacture several specialty products. The beginning cash and equity balances were $105,000. All other beginning balances were $0. Use your T-Account worksheet to record the following transactions:

1. Purchased $50,000 of direct materials on account.
2. Used $45,000 direct materials in production during the month.
3. Manufacturing employees worked 6,400 hours and were paid at a rate of $8 per hour. Paid cash for the direct labor expense.

4. The company applies OH based on direct labor cost. This year's annual overhead is estimated to be $500,000. The actual direct   labor cost last year was $1,250,000. The company estimates it will spend $625,000 in labor cost this year.
5. Compute and record the OH applied to the job.
6. Completed units costing $50,000 during the month.
7. Sold 6,000 units costing $6.50 during the month. The selling price is 30% above cost. Received cash.
8. This year, the company paid $40,000 cash for actual OH expenses incurred. Last year the company paid $65,000 cash for OH expenses. Record the actual OH costs.
9. The company considers OH differences less than $4,000 to be immaterial. By how much was OH over applied or under applied? Record the difference.

Now, CHOOSE 6 CORRECT STATEMENTS from the choices below. You should have 6 check marks indicating your answer choices. Each answer choice is worth 4 points:

1. The predetermined overhead rate is?
2. The direct labor that is debited to labor expense is?
3. How much are the total current manufacturing costs?
4. How much revenue did the company earn?
5. By how much was MOH over/under applied?
6. How much are the costs of goods manufactured?

Group of answer choices

The cost of goods manufactured is $39,000

The amount of sales revenue earned was $50,700

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $0

The predetermined MOH rate is $..75

The total current manufacturing costs are $137,160

The predetermined MOH rate is $.80

The cost of goods manufactured is $40,000

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $40,960

The amount of over/under applied MOH is $1,000

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $51,200

The amount of over/under applied MOH is $0

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $160,137

The amount of sales revenue earned was $50,000

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $160,200

The amount of over/under applied MOH is $960

The cost of goods manufactured is $50,000

The predetermined MOH rate is $1.25

The amount of sales revenue earned was $39,000

Office Works has an order to manufacture several specialty products. The beginning cash and equity balances were $105,000. All other beginning balances were $0. Use your T-Account worksheet to record the following transactions:

1. Purchased $50,000 of direct materials on account.
2. Used $45,000 direct materials in production during the month.
3. Manufacturing employees worked 6,400 hours and were paid at a rate of $8 per hour. Paid cash for the direct labor expense.

4. The company applies OH based on direct labor cost. This year's annual overhead is estimated to be $500,000. The actual direct   labor cost last year was $1,250,000. The company estimates it will spend $625,000 in labor cost this year.
5. Compute and record the OH applied to the job.
6. Completed units costing $50,000 during the month.
7. Sold 6,000 units costing $6.50 during the month. The selling price is 30% above cost. Received cash.
8. This year, the company paid $40,000 cash for actual OH expenses incurred. Last year the company paid $65,000 cash for OH expenses. Record the actual OH costs.
9. The company considers OH differences less than $4,000 to be immaterial. By how much was OH over applied or under applied? Record the difference.

Now, CHOOSE 6 CORRECT STATEMENTS from the choices below. You should have 6 check marks indicating your answer choices. Each answer choice is worth 4 points:

1. The predetermined overhead rate is?
2. The direct labor that is debited to labor expense is?
3. How much are the total current manufacturing costs?
4. How much revenue did the company earn?
5. By how much was MOH over/under applied?
6. How much are the costs of goods manufactured?

Group of answer choices

The cost of goods manufactured is $40,000

The amount of sales revenue earned was $50,000

The amount of over/under applied MOH is $0

The predetermined MOH rate is $1.25

The amount of sales revenue earned was $50,700

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $160,137

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $40,960

The predetermined MOH rate is $.80

The amount of over/under applied MOH is $960

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $0

The cost of goods manufactured is $50,000

The total current manufacturing costs are $137,160

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $160,200

The cost of goods manufactured is $39,000

The direct labor that will be debited to direct labor expense is $51,200

The predetermined MOH rate is $..75

The amount of over/under applied MOH is $1,000

The amount of sales revenue earned was $39,000