Direct Materials and Direct Labor Variance Analysis

Shasta Fixture Company manufactures faucets in a small manufacturing facility. The faucets are made from brass. Manufacturing has 50 employees. Each employee presently provides 32 hours of labor per week. Information about a production week is as follows:

Required:

a. Determine the standard cost per unit for direct materials and direct labor. Round the cost per unit to two decimal places.

b. Determine the direct materials price variance, direct materials quantity variance, and total direct materials cost variance. Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar. Enter a favorable variance as a negative number using a minus sign and an unfavorable variance as a positive number.

c. Determine the direct labor rate variance, direct labor time variance, and total direct labor cost variance. Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar. Enter a favorable variance as a negative number using a minus sign and an unfavorable variance as a positive number.

Q/1

Werner & Sons is a manufacturer of three-ring binders operating in a perfectly competitive industry. The below table shows the firm's cost schedule.

The following T-accounts record the operations of Sheridan Co.:

Assume all raw materials are direct materials.

(a) Calculate the amount of direct materials purchased during the period.

(b) Calculate the direct materials used in production during the period.

(c) Calculate the total manufacturing cost for the period.

(d) Calculate the cost of goods manufactured for the period.

(e) Calculate the cost of goods sold for the period.

1. Fairfax CPA Consultants, (FCC), LLC., firm uses a job costing system with a predetermined indirect cost allocation rate computed as a percentage of direct labor costs. The managing consultant prepared the following plan, or budget, for the year:

Direct labor hours (professionals)………………….15,000 hours

Direct labor costs (professionals)………………….$2,250,000

Office rent……………………………………………..$250,000

Support staff salaries………………………………..$310,000

The managing consultant estimated that this job will require about 250 direct labor hours.

Required:

• Compute FCC’s hourly direct labor cost rate
• Compute FCC’s indirect cost allocation rate
• Compute the predetermined cost for the job
• If FCC earns profit equal to 30% of total direct labor cost, what is the total cost of the job including profit?

Keaton Accessories uses a perpetual inventory system. The company's beginning inventory of a particular product and its purchases during the month of January were as follows: Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost Beginning Inventory (Jan. 1) 160 $40 $6,400 Purchase (Jan. 9) 80 45 3,600 Purchase (Jan. 21) 80 46 3,680 Total 320 $13,680 On January 24, Keaton sold 180 units of this product. The other 140 units remain in inventory at January 31. i.) Determine the cost of goods sold using each of the following flow assumptions: LIFO $ FIFO $ Average Cost $ ii.) Determine the cost of the 140 units in inventory at January 31 using each of the following flow assumptions: LIFO $ FIFO $ Average Cost $

A company purchases 86 400 items per year for use in its production process. If the unit cost is $9.25, the holding cost for one unit is 60 cents per month, and the cost of making a purchase is $540, determine the following if no shortages are allowed:

(i) The optimum order quantity.  

(ii) The optimum total yearly cost.

(iii) The number of orders per year.  

(iv) The time between orders.  

(b) Suppose they plan to now allow backorders which they estimate at a cost of 20 cents per unit per month. If all other costs are the same determine:

(i) The optimum order quantity and the maximum inventory level.

(ii) The optimum total yearly cost.

(iii) The maximum shortage that will occur.

(iv) The proportion of time that shortages will occur.

I just want some ideas on how to write this essay, for instance, explanation of the case and what are some possible solution. thanks

“What Should I do, my friend?”

A former classmate of yours, Liz Theranos, has landed an internship position in the accounting department at Brompton Travels, a small closely held company. She tells you at one of your regular get-togethers at the local coffee shop, that she is excited and anxious to make a good impression as an accounting intern with the company because she wants to be offered a fulltime job at this company when she completes her internship.

The company’s operations are all related to tourism, and it has, as its principal asset, a large ocean front hotel. The company is primarily owned by the two directors who are brothers. Both of the brothers are actively engaged in the day-to-day running of the business. Liz gets along well with the directors and the small accounting staff even though she is only employed as an intern. Liz also is aware that the company had faced some serious cash flow difficulties shortly before she was appointed as an accounting intern. However, since Liz Theranos started working with the head accountant a remortgaging arrangement has, apparently, eased the financial pressure.

Recently, one of the managing brothers comes to Liz with a company check for $5,040 made payable to a design company, which he has already signed. Since the head accountant is currently on vacation for the next two weeks, and the internal policy requires that checks over $2,500 be signed by the head accountant and a director, he asks for Liz’s counter-signature. He explains that it is the deposit for the design work and furnishings for some of the hotel bedrooms. There is a formal invoice from a design studio, but you are still surprised as the head accountant before leaving on vacation had not made you aware that any such outlays had been planned. Nevertheless, given the explanation by the director and the supporting invoice, you counter-sign the check.

Later that day, out of curiosity, Liz decides to do some research into the design studio. She finds that the design company that has had a high level of indebtedness in the past. Liz also sees that the company secretary appears to be the daughter of one of the directors for whom she works. Two days later, the same managing director comes to you with another check, this time for $26,500, again needing only your counter-signature. There is a supporting invoice from the same design studio. You are hesitant, and the managing director seeing your hesitancy, explains that he is only asking you to counter-sign the check because the head accountant is still on vacation. He says that it is important to submit the check promptly so that it may be banked before April 15th. You ask why there is such urgency, particularly as there is no evidence of any design work having started. The managing director laughs and replies that the money should be 4/18 back in the hotel’s bank account by June 1 st . He further adds that the checks are needed urgently to settle some outstanding directors’ loan accounts at the design studio. Once again he asks you to not worry because the money should be returned to the hotel company account soon. Liz, once again reluctantly countersigns the check

Liz Theranos, your friend, whom you recall as always having high principles and Integrity, calls you to meet for coffee because she needs to speak confidentially with a good friend about something at work that’s bothering her. You agree to meet Liz for coffee.

Over coffee Liz shares with you the situation described above. Both you and Liz, recall Prof. Woods’ ethics class that you took in college and continue discussing how one can act honestly with regard to the dilemma posed by the recent director’s request and accounting functions at Liz Theranos’ employer? You immediately suggest to Liz that she should immediately quit. Liz tells you that she has seriously thought about quitting. However, besides needing the income, she has decided to stay because she really wants to get a full-time position with the company. The hotel/travel industry is the industry she really wants to work in as an accountant and after a couple of year’s full-time employment with Brompton Travel she would be in an ideal position to move on by getting a job with one of the major hotel chains. After a long stare, you tell her you understand and will help her structure a response that deals with the dilemma

Required:

? Help your friend Liz Theranos, who is just an intern at the company, deal with this ethical issue.

? Within a professional, word typed, 11-12 fonts, single-line spaced document

? Explain the ethical issues and how she should respond and, possible ramifications of Liz responding to this issue.

? Your final paper must be between 500-700 words.

Estimated Income Statements, using Absorption and Variable Costing

Prior to the first month of operations ending October 31, Marshall Inc. estimated the following operating results:

The company is evaluating a proposal to manufacture 31,200 units instead of 28,000 units, thus creating an ending inventory of 3,200 units. Manufacturing the additional units will not change sales, unit variable factory overhead costs, total fixed factory overhead cost, or total selling and administrative expenses.

a. 1. Prepare an estimated income statement, comparing operating results if 28,000 and 31,200 units are manufactured in the absorption costing format. If an amount box does not require an entry leave it blank.

Feedback

a. 2. Prepare an estimated income statement, comparing operating results if 28,000 and 31,200 units are manufactured in the variable costing format. If an amount box does not require an entry leave it blank.

Income Statements under Absorption Costing and Variable Costing

Fresno Industries Inc. manufactures and sells high-quality camping tents. The company began operations on January 1 and operated at 100% of capacity (77,000 units) during the first month, creating an ending inventory of 7,000 units. During February, the company produced 70,000 units during the month but sold 77,000 units at $85 per unit. The February manufacturing costs and selling and administrative expenses were as follows:

a. Prepare an income statement according to the absorption costing concept for the month ending February 28.

Feedback

a. Under absorption costing, the cost of goods manufactured includes direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs. Both fixed and variable factory costs are included as part of factory overhead.

b. Prepare an income statement according to the variable costing concept for the month ending February 28.

1. Mastery Problem: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

   Cost Behavior

   Cover-to-Cover Company is a manufacturer of shelving for books. The company has compiled the following cost data, and wants your help in determining the cost behavior. After reviewing the data, complete requirements (1) and (2) that follow.

   Units Produced	Total Lumber Cost	Total Utilities Cost	Total Machine Depreciation Cost
   15,000 shelves	$150,000	$18,750	$135,000
   30,000 shelves	300,000	36,000	135,000
   60,000 shelves	600,000	70,500	135,000
   75,000 shelves	750,000	87,750	135,000

   1. Determine whether the costs in the table are variable, fixed, mixed, or none of these.

   Lumber	Variable Cost
   Utilities	Mixed Cost
   Depreciation	Fixed Cost

   2. For each cost, determine the fixed portion of the cost, and the per-unit variable cost. If there is no amount or an amount is zero, enter "0". Recall that, for N = Number of Units Produced, Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x N) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table with your answers. Round variable portion of cost (per unit) answers to two decimal places.

   Cost	Fixed Portion of Cost	Variable Portion of Cost (per Unit)
   Lumber	$	$
   Utilities
   Depreciation

   High-Low

   Biblio Files Company is the chief competitor of Cover-to-Cover Company in the bookshelf business. Biblio Files is analyzing its manufacturing costs, and has compiled the following data for the first six months of the year. After reviewing the data, answer questions (1) through (3) that follow.

   	Units Produced		Total Cost
   January	4,360	units	$65,600
   February	275		6,250
   March	1,000		15,000
   April	5,775		88,750
   May	1,750		32,500
   June	3,015		48,000

   1. From the data previously provided, help Biblio Files Company estimate the fixed and variable portions of its total costs using the high-low method. Recall that Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x Number of Units Produced) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table.

   Total Fixed Cost	Variable Cost per Unit
   $	$

   2. With your Total Fixed Cost and Variable Cost per Unit from the high-low method, compute the total cost for the following values of N (Number of Units Produced).

   Number of Units Produced	Total Cost
   3,500	$
   4,360
   5,775

   Contribution Margin

   Review the contribution margin income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statements. Complete the following table from the data provided on the income statements. Each company sold 78,800 units during the year.

   	Cover-to-Cover Company	Biblio Files Company
   Contribution margin ratio (percent)	%	%
   Unit contribution margin	$	$
   Break-even sales (units)
   Break-even sales (dollars)	$	$

   Income Statement - Cover-to-Cover

   Cover-to-Cover Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8
   Sales		$394,000
   Variable costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$236,400
   Selling expense	19,700
   Administrative expense	59,100	(315,200)
   Contribution margin		$78,800
   Fixed costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$5,000
   Selling expense	4,000
   Administrative expense	10,700	(19,700)
   Operating income		$59,100

   Income Statement - Biblio Files

   Biblio Files Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8
   Sales		$394,000
   Variable costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$157,600
   Selling expense	15,760
   Administrative expense	63,040	(236,400)
   Contribution margin		$157,600
   Fixed costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$80,500
   Selling expense	8,000
   Administrative expense	10,000	(98,500)
   Operating income		$59,100

   Sales Mix

   Biblio Files Company is making plans for its next fiscal year, and decides to sell two new types of bookshelves, Basic and Deluxe. The company has compiled the following estimates for the new product offerings.

   Type of Bookshelf	Sales Price per Unit	Variable Cost per Unit
   Basic	$5.00	$1.75
   Deluxe	9.00	8.10

   The company is interested in determining how many of each type of bookshelf would have to be sold in order to break even. If we think of the Basic and Deluxe products as components of one overall enterprise product called “Combined,” the unit contribution margin for the Combined product would be $2.31. Fixed costs for the upcoming year are estimated at $332,640. Recall that the totals of all the sales mix percents must be 100%. Determine the amounts to complete the following table.

   Type of Bookshelf	Percent of Sales Mix	Break-Even Sales in Units	Break-Even Sales in Dollars
   Basic	%		$
   Deluxe	%		$

   Feedback

   Review the definition of break-even point.

   Recall that the Combined unit contribution margin is given by [(Basic unit contribution margin) x (Basic percent of sales mix)] + [(Deluxe unit contribution margin) x (Deluxe percent of sales mix)]. Since these percents must add up to 100%, we have the following:

   (Basic percent of sales mix) + (Deluxe percent of sales mix) = 100%, so that

   (Deluxe percent of sales mix) = 100% - (Basic percent of sales mix)

   Target Profit

   Refer again to the income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statement. Note that both companies have the same sales and net income. Answer questions (1) - (3) that follow, assuming that all data for the coming year is the same as the current year, except for the amount of sales.

   1. If Cover-to-Cover Company wants to increase its profit by $20,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be?
   $____________

   2. If Biblio Files Company wants to increase its profit by $20,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be?
   $____________

1. Mastery Problem: Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

   Cost Behavior

   Cover-to-Cover Company is a manufacturer of shelving for books. The company has compiled the following cost data, and wants your help in determining the cost behavior. After reviewing the data, complete requirements (1) and (2) that follow.

   Units Produced	Total Lumber Cost	Total Utilities Cost	Total Machine Depreciation Cost
   7,000 shelves	$70,000	$9,550	$145,000
   14,000 shelves	140,000	17,600	145,000
   28,000 shelves	280,000	33,700	145,000
   35,000 shelves	350,000	41,750	145,000

   1. Determine whether the costs in the table are variable, fixed, mixed, or none of these.

   Lumber	Variable Cost
   Utilities	Mixed Cost
   Depreciation	Fixed Cost

   2. For each cost, determine the fixed portion of the cost, and the per-unit variable cost. If there is no amount or an amount is zero, enter "0". Recall that, for N = Number of Units Produced, Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x N) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table with your answers. Round variable portion of cost (per unit) answers to two decimal places.

   Cost	Fixed Portion of Cost	Variable Portion of Cost (per Unit)
   Lumber	$	$
   Utilities
   Depreciation

   High-Low

   Biblio Files Company is the chief competitor of Cover-to-Cover Company in the bookshelf business. Biblio Files is analyzing its manufacturing costs, and has compiled the following data for the first six months of the year. After reviewing the data, answer questions (1) through (3) that follow.

   	Units Produced		Total Cost
   January	4,360	units	$65,600
   February	300		6,250
   March	1,000		15,000
   April	4,800		73,750
   May	1,750		32,500
   June	3,015		48,000

   1. From the data previously provided, help Biblio Files Company estimate the fixed and variable portions of its total costs using the high-low method. Recall that Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x Number of Units Produced) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table.

   Total Fixed Cost	Variable Cost per Unit
   $	$

   2. With your Total Fixed Cost and Variable Cost per Unit from the high-low method, compute the total cost for the following values of N (Number of Units Produced).

   Number of Units Produced	Total Cost
   3,500	$
   4,360
   4,800

   Contribution Margin

   Review the contribution margin income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statements. Complete the following table from the data provided on the income statements. Each company sold 75,800 units during the year.

   	Cover-to-Cover Company	Biblio Files Company
   Contribution margin ratio (percent)	%	%
   Unit contribution margin	$	$
   Break-even sales (units)
   Break-even sales (dollars)	$	$

   Income Statement - Cover-to-Cover

   Cover-to-Cover Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8
   Sales		$379,000
   Variable costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$227,400
   Selling expense	18,950
   Administrative expense	56,850	(303,200)
   Contribution margin		$75,800
   Fixed costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$5,000
   Selling expense	4,000
   Administrative expense	9,950	(18,950)
   Operating income		$56,850

   Income Statement - Biblio Files

   Biblio Files Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 20Y8
   Sales		$379,000
   Variable costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$151,600
   Selling expense	15,160
   Administrative expense	60,640	(227,400)
   Contribution margin		$151,600
   Fixed costs:
   Manufacturing expense	$76,750
   Selling expense	8,000
   Administrative expense	10,000	(94,750)
   Operating income		$56,850

   Sales Mix

   Biblio Files Company is making plans for its next fiscal year, and decides to sell two new types of bookshelves, Basic and Deluxe. The company has compiled the following estimates for the new product offerings.

   Type of Bookshelf	Sales Price per Unit	Variable Cost per Unit
   Basic	$5.00	$1.75
   Deluxe	9.00	8.10

   The company is interested in determining how many of each type of bookshelf would have to be sold in order to break even. If we think of the Basic and Deluxe products as components of one overall enterprise product called “Combined,” the unit contribution margin for the Combined product would be $2.31. Fixed costs for the upcoming year are estimated at $332,640. Recall that the totals of all the sales mix percents must be 100%. Determine the amounts to complete the following table.

   Type of Bookshelf	Percent of Sales Mix	Break-Even Sales in Units	Break-Even Sales in Dollars
   Basic	%		$
   Deluxe	%		$

   Target Profit

   Refer again to the income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statement. Note that both companies have the same sales and net income. Answer questions (1) - (3) that follow, assuming that all data for the coming year is the same as the current year, except for the amount of sales.

   1. If Cover-to-Cover Company wants to increase its profit by $40,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be?
   $

   2. If Biblio Files Company wants to increase its profit by $40,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be?
   $