1. (A) With respect to perception, describe the brain structures and functions, as well as cognitive processes if applicable, underlying color identification, object identification, and movement; (B) Describe the flow of visual information from the eye to the primary visual cortex. Then describe the neural systems for perceiving shape, identifying what an object is, and identifying where an object is located in space and how it can be utilized.

2. Describe the three major structures and functions of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

3. What are the types of touch receptors located under the skin's surface? Describe how touch is represented in the brain.

4. Compare and contrast the two chemical senses of smell and taste. Include (a) a discussion of the sensory receptors for smell and taste and (b) a discussion of the pathways by which smell and taste sensations are transmitted.

5. You are drawing an outdoor scene, including trees, flowers, shrubbery, and buildings near and far from your position at your easel. Describe how you would use at least four monocular cues to indicate depth and dimension in your drawing.

Interviewing Critique:

While in an interview, Tom was asked to describe his professional experience with his current and previous employers. During his descriptions, Tom occasionally included a few negative comments about his current and previous employers. How can negative comments impact a job interview? Your response should be at least 50 words.

There is a right and wrong way to respond to yes-or-no questions during an interview. During an interview, how would you respond to the following question: Have you ever worked for a company that generates revenue through e-commerce? Your response should be at least 50 words.

This question involves closing an interview. Near or at the end of an interview, you may be asked if you have any questions. Not responding may imply you are not interested, and a probing question about the company may imply you did not research the company. For this essay, respond to the importance of closing the interview on a positive note and share an example of a closing interview statement (your personal commercial). Your response must be at least 250 words in length.

1.Describe in words the relationships between lava chemical composition, lava viscosity, and volcano shapes. Illustrate your answer with sketches of at least two types of volcano shapes.

2.In words and/or diagrams, compare and contrast strombolian and Plinian eruption styles. Be sure to address the relative magnitude (how much material is erupted?), eruption duration (how long does it last?), how explosive the eruption is, and the types of erupted materials.

3.Name and describe three tectonic environments in which volcanism occurs. For each environment, briefly describe the primary magma generation mechanism (with or without accompanying diagrams, as needed).

4.Explain in words how Bowen’s Reaction Series (BRS) works, and how it results in lavas with different chemical compositions. List two physical characteristics that differ between the initial lava and the final lava produced near the end of the fractional crystallization process. What rock names would you give to each of those lavas (i.e.., the initial and final products) if they erupted? Be sure you are clear about which is which.

1. Circle the correct answer of the following (True/False)
2. 1. Groundwater flows faster that surface water (T/F)
   2. Water table is the locus of points where water pressure is zero relative pressure (T/F)
   3. Aquiclude is a synonym to confining layer (T/F)
   4. Perched water table is a water table that forms below a restrictive layer near the soil surface (T/F)
   5. In confined aquifer, hydraulic gradient equals to the slope of the piezometric surface (T/F)
   6. In unconfined aquifer, hydraulic gradient is the water deriving force and equals to slope of water table surface (T/F)
   7. oceans lose more water by evaporation than they gain by precipitation (T/F)
   8. Land surfaces receive more water as precipitation than they lose by evapotranspiration (T/F)
   9. Residence time of lakes is lower than that in rivers (T/F)
   10. Residence time is the time required to replace a given ocean constituent by river supply (T/F)
   11. Residence time tells how quickly or slowly a river constituent can respond to a change in the constituent supply or removal rates (T/F)

1. Two streams (Brimer and Standifer creeks) located in the same watershed are similar in size/shape and most habitat conditions (e.g., temperature, dissolved oxygen, channel substrate); however, they exhibit different pH values. Brimer Creek has a mean pH of 6.1, whereas Standifer Creek has a pH of 5.6. A stream ecologist wishes to determine whether the pH has an influence on the local distributions of benthic macroinvertebrates (annelids, crustaceans, insects) in the two streams. Two study sites were established (one in each stream) that are in close proximity to each other (~50 m apart, separated by a ridge) and located near the mouths of their respective streams. Benthic invertebrates were collected at the two sites using a standardized kick-sampling technique (equal sampling times and areas). Invertebrates were counted in samples from the two sites. The data are summarized below. Number of invertebrates per sample: Brimer Creek, n = 1373 individuals Standifer Creek, n = 955 individuals Perform a G-test for goodness of fit (α = 0.05) to test the ecologist’s hypothesis.

The Coronavirus will obviously impact the economy of big organizations like FIFA or the NBA but also their future strategy, rules and policy. How exactly will the CORONAVIRUS affect governance bodies like FIFA or the NBA? What will happen within the governance in these 2 organizations? Will they have to make some changes within their governance and their policy in the near future ? If yes, what would they probably have to change?

In order to have a good governance, big organizations like the NBA or FIFA will need to have the 5R's which are : Regulations, rules, rankings, records, results. They will also need to follow the SLEEPE model which is: Social, Legal, Economic, Ethical, Political, Educational. Finally, they will also need to have a clear structure within their governance, rules and policies and so be good at planning, organizing, leading and evaluating in order to keep getting revenue in the future. After the CORONAVIRUS, both NBA and FIFA will have to resolve a lot of issues since they will loose a lot of money during this rough period. What will be these issues that they will have to resolve in order to still have with the 5R's and follow the SLEEPE model, and what are the solutions for it?

“I’ll Take That Customer!” Neal Erwin has a reputation he has always been proud of in the Haskin’s Bookstore customer service department. He takes calls from customers that others don’t want to deal with. Sometimes, when he is on the phone with a customer, he asks co-workers to come near his desk to hear his side of the argument. In the past, he has gotten loud and belligerent with customers and later has even boasted of “winning.” Things have changed, however, and Neal is now in trouble with management because of a recent incident. A loyal 20-year customer, who spoke to Neal on the phone last week, contacted owner Mr. Charles Haskins and told him in no uncertain terms that she was taking her business elsewhere.

1. In your opinion, should Neal have been allowed to get away with his behavior to customers? Explain.

2. As a co-worker of Neal’s, would you have any responsibility to report his aggressive communication style to his supervisor?

Between 1962 (79 percent) and 2011 (61.4 percent) Voter turnout fell dramatically. According to a portion of its comparable Australia, New Zeland, and the United States, the Gallagher Index of Disproportionality for Canadian government races in that period ran from 6.26 to 20.91, yet altogether higher than many others such as Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the United States, and the Scandinavian nations.Consider the following situation: Julie and Mark are brother and sister. They are traveling together in France on summer vacation from college. One night they are staying alone in a cabin near the beach. They decide that it would be interesting and fun if they tried making love. Julie was already taking birth control pills, but Mark uses a condom too, just to be safe. They both enjoy making love, but they decide not to do it again.

(a) Briefly explain, in 100 words or less, why Julie and Mark’s actions would be morally wrong, according to Natural Law Theory. (10%)

(b) How would liberal ethics view Julie and Mark’s actions? Briefly explain, in 100 words or less. (5%)

Some Rough Cost-Benefit Numbers for a “Bridge to Nowhere”

A widely publicized federal earmark in the 2006 transportation appropriation bill was $223 million for a bridge intended to provide access to Ketchikan, Alaska’s airport on lightly populated Gravina Island. The project had the misfortune to become labeled the “Bridge to Nowhere” when the earmark came to light in the 2008 presidential campaign. It is possible to do some rough cost-benefit analysis on the project.

Gravina Island has a population of around 50, so most of the bridge traffic would likely be those using the airport. The island was not inaccessible without the bridge. A ferry serves the island, with ferries leaving every half hour. The primary impact from the bridge would be to reduce travel time on the trips. It has been estimated that the drive to the airport from Ketchikan would take 13 minutes, compared to 27 minutes by ferry. Therefore, the time saving is around 15 minutes per passenger. Ketchikan is a port for cruise ships, which dock on the mainland, so some of the bridge traffic would be ship passengers either joining or leaving the cruise ships. Airline enplanements/deplanements (total passengers coming and going through the airport) are on the order of 400,000, so that traffic would create 800,000 crossings of the bridge. But let’s be generous and round up to 1,000,000 crossings, each saving around one quarter hour by taking the bridge.

How much is the time saving worth? Let’s assume that each visitor earns $125,000 in income per year. If the visitor works 50 weeks per year and 40 hours per week, then the work year is 2,000 work hours. Some visitors are children and some are retired—and the earning level assumed here is much higher than the national average—but let’s not worry about that. Work it out with different estimates on your own, if you wish. With these numbers, the value of work time equals $62.50 per hour. But this is leisure time for most of the traffic, not work time, so let’s adjust the value downward by 50 percent (probably an underadjustment) to get an estimate of the value of leisure time—$31.25. Each passenger saves 15 minutes with the bridge (compared with travel by ferry), so the saving per passenger equals $7.81. Multiply that by 1 million passengers to get $7,810,000.

We will assume that the bridge will last forever and will have no maintenance cost and that 3 percent is a reasonable discount rate (that’s lower than the OMB rate of 7 percent, but probably higher than current market interest rates). Divide $7,810,000 by 0.03 (because benefits are perpetual—the value is lower if we use a finite life for the bridge) to get the present value of the services from the bridge of $260.4 million, a large number and, as it turns out, larger than the amount of the appropriation. (If you are uncomfortable with perpetual life, use 100 years and the annuity formula to get a present value of services: (7.81/0.03)[1 − (1/1.03)100] 5 $246.8 million.)

But that is not the end of the story. In order to make the bridge functional, the state of Alaska has to spend $165 million in addition to the federal government’s $233 million. Summing up, the present value of the benefits of the bridge is at most $260.4 million, but its total cost is $398 million.

1. Would you consider the bridge to be a worthwhile use of federal resources? Why or why not?

2. Why might the state of Alaska be interested in getting the bridge built, even though the total cost of the bridge exceeds the present value of the benefits from the bridge? From the standpoint of Alaska, what are the relevant costs and benefits?

3. How do the benefit-cost analysis results change if the discount rate is 7 percent? What about 2 percent?